V.Yu. Pavlov, candidate
Yu.T. Revyakin, professor, Ph.D. Tomsk state pedagogical university, Tomsk

 

Key words: model characteristics, weightlifters, physical fitness, motor tests, training process, preadult age.

 

Introduction. From practical experience, the results in weightlifting are getting higher every year, the competition among athletes is being intensified, requiring the search for more adequate and effective approach to training of weightlifters. Achievement of high sports result in weightlifting requires an optimal physical training already in the preadult age, as well as dominating development of speed and strength qualities and endurance.

Experience has shown that weightlifting becomes younger, 8-9 year olds start doing it. The task of each child trainer is not to do any harm to the body of a young athlete since weightlifting is inseparably linked with substantial power training with different weights.

It is to be marked that the problem of more effective organization and conducting of training process in different sports is fundamental in the modern sports training [1, 2]. Many researchers (G.V. Alexandrov, 1983; V.P. Bachin, 1992; O.V. Zagrevskaya, 1999) assume that the use of model characteristics by trainers in various sports from their practice offer the challenge to solve the problems of organization of training process and to control more effectively development of the level of motor qualities [3, 8].

In science modeling is defined as reproducing characteristics of some object on another object created specifically for the study of these of these characteristics and called model [4, 5].

Modeling is used when a direct study of the object is difficult or impossible to make. For example, despite the fact that highly effective and stable competitive activity is the purpose of training elite athletes, they can not compete all year round [6]. Most of the time athletes train for competitions, but in some cases their training activity can become a model of competitive activity.

The purpose of the study was to design model characteristics of physical fitness of junior weightlifters at the age of 15 as a basis of monitoring of training process.

Organization and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of sports schools of the Tomsk region, specializing in weightlifting: sports and fitness complex of Tomsk State Pedagogical University, children’s sport schools of the Kozhevnikovsky, Shegarsky, Pershamajski regions. 15-year-old weightlifters were the subjects of the study, divided into control and experimental groups of 30 persons each.

Based on the study and analysis of the available literature and trainers’ practical experience in weightlifting [7], test results of the engaged ones, we have developed model characteristics, enabling more effective control of physical training of 15-year-old weightlifters. These models meet the regulatory requirements to physical fitness, which criteria are the following levels of development of physical qualities: general endurance, strength endurance, speed and strength qualities, flexibility, coordination of movements. A set of motor tests was formed to determine physical fitness of junior weightlifters. The tests were chosen to involve mainly the most loaded muscle groups in the exercises in the classic double-event in weightlifting:

– “Medicine ball push”. The test characterizes speed and strength qualities, triceps bachii muscle is dominating and is among the most loaded in the pushing exercise in weightlifting;

– “Dip up”. This test characterizes strength endurance of arm muscles active in the exercises of classic double-event in weightlifting;

– “Standing long jump”. The level of speed and strength qualities is determined. The muscles of hip facies anterior are active and the most loaded in the jogging exercise in weightlifting;

– “3 kg ball throw” with two hands forward”. This test characterizes the level of development of speed and strength qualities. This test is similar to the snatch exercise from classic double-event by the biomechanical characteristic. Maximal efforts of leg, back and arm muscles are also observed;

– “Pull-up in hang on high bar”. Strength endurance of carpal muscle is shown which enables holding weight in a swing in the snatch exercise in weightlifting;

– “3х10 m relay race”. This test characterizes the display of coordination. It is coordination that helps an athlete to control his body in space during fixation;

– “30 m distance running”. The test characterizes agility. This quality is useful for short-term pushing of weights in the “push” exercise;

– “1000 m distance running”. This test characterizes the level of endurance. As 10 min is given in weightlifting for each exercise (“push”, “snatch”), so it is naturally hard to perform an exercises within the strictly regulated time without a certain level of development of endurance.

– “Bents forward”. The test characterizes flexibility, needed to take a starting position with an apparatus after each cycle (push) with minimal energy consumption.

Results and discussion. At the beginning of the experiment CG and EG did the offered tests. The results are shown in Fig. 1.

 Weightlifters did similar tests at the end of the year long experiment. The CG trained using traditional methods while the EG – with the use of model characteristics (Fig. 2).

Fig. 1. The results of the diagnostics of physical fitness in the CG and in the EG before the experiment

Fig. 2. The results of the diagnostics of physical fitness in the CG and in the EG after the experiment

The results of tests of 15-year-old weightlifters have shown the increment of the results in all tests, and the results in the EG have got significantly ahead of those in the CG. If before the experiment the test results were almost the same, after the experiment the significant rise of these indices was marked in the EG. In the “Ball pushing” test the CG improved the result by 8 points, EG – by 17,  in “Dip up” the CG improved the result by 4 points, EG – by 13, in “Standing long jump” the CG - by 5 points, the EG – 18, in “Ball underhand throw” the CG improved its result by 6 points, the EG – by 17, in “Pull-up in hang on high bar” - by 5 points in the CG and by 16 – in the EG, in “Shuttle run” 2 points were added in the CG, the EG – 13, in “30m distance running” in the CG the improvement was by 6 points, in the EG – by 17, in “1000 m distance running” the CG – 7 points more, the EG – 16, in “Bents forward” 3 and 10 points more in the CG and the EG respectively.

The obtained positive results were stipulated by the timely corrections made in the volume and intensity of loadings in the training process based on the model characteristics.

In order to validate the findings we took the software [9] as a basis which enables calculating the average level of physical fitness of single group or one person by the subjected tests of physical fitness (Tab. 1,  2).

Table 1. Results of physical fitness tests in the CG before the experiment

30 m distance running, s		Standing long jumps, cm		Pull-ups in hang boys, reps		Bent forward, reps		1000 m distance running, min, s		Weightlifter’s average level
Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level
4,5	4	209,6	3,5	6,5	2,5	6,4	2,2	4,12	4	3,30

30% of results refer to high level, 20% - average, 18% - above the average, 16% low and below the average each.

Table 2. The results of physical fitness tests in the EG before the experiment

30 m distance running, s		Standing long jumps, cm		Pull-ups in hang boys, reps		Bent forward, reps		1000 m distance running, min, s		Weightlifter’s average level
Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level
4,6	4	217,5	3,9	7,7	2,8	7,5	2,6	4,26	3,8	3,40

34 % of results indicate to high level, 20% - to average, 18% - above the average, 14% - low and below the average each.

According to the calculations made using the software, before the experiment the average mark for a set of tests before the experiment was 3,3 points in the CG and 3,4 points - in the EG. The similar value – 20 % is related to the average level of results for both of the groups.

The CG and the EG were subject to the same tests after the experiment (Tab. 3, 4)

Table 3. The results of physical fitness tests in the CG after the experiment

30 m distance running, s		Standing long jumps, cm		Pull-ups in hang boys, reps		Bent forward, reps		1000 m distance running, min, s		Weightlifter’s average level
Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level
4,39	5	223	4,1	10,9	4,2	9,5	3	4,06	4	4,00

In the CG 38 % of result refer to high level, 34% - average, 24% - above the average and 4% - below the average.

Table 4. The results of physical fitness tests in the EG after the experiment

30 m distance running, s		Standing long jumps, cm		Pull-ups in hang boys, reps		Bent forward, reps		1000 m distance running, min, s		Weightlifter’s average level
Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level	Result	Level
4,39	5	224,7	3,9	12,3	4,3	12,7	3,9	4,15	3,9	4,20

48% of results indicate to high level of physical fitness, 24% - average, 24% - above the average, 4% - below the average.

Proceeding from the findings of the experiment, the use of model characteristics of physical fitness by every trainee individually facilitated more adequate monitoring of the training process, which was proved by the dynamics of increase of the level of development of physical fitness.

Conclusions. The method of training of weightlifters we offered with the use of model characteristics of physical fitness was approved and confirmed by the rise of the results of the level of development of motor qualities before and after using the experimental method. It is due to the fact that trainer made timely amendments to the weightlifters’ training process according to specially designed models of physical fitness. The volume and intensity of exercises were changed at every training, weights were selected according to individual indices of physical fitness. Special attention was paid to physical qualities, being on the lower than the designed model level. Such an approach to sports trainings promotes the increase of children’s interest, discipline and attendance. Children got interested in self-control and mutual monitoring of improvement of results in the training process and strived for reaching the established model level.

References

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Author’s contacts: Pavlov.v87@mail.ru