A.A. Chernyaev, professor, Ph.D.

M.N. Kudyashev, postgraduate. Volga Region state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism, Kazan

Key words: motivation, needs, psychological qualities, activity.

Relevance. The role of physical culture and sport among the priority directions of the state social policy, ensuring development of the Russian human potential, was determined in the concept of the long-term socioeconomic development of the Russian Federation for the period till 2020. Thereby, authorities at all the levels of public administration are getting more aware of the need to introduce more people in occupations of physical culture and sport as a part of healthy way of life.

As marked in the Concept of the Federal target program “Development of physical culture and sport in the Russian Federation for 2006 - 2015”, present (2006) Russia is lagging far behind other developed countries by the index of regular physical culture occupations, where up to 40-50% of the population are doing sports compared to approximately 11% in our country [7].

The needs for physical culture and arising on its base motives are the source of activity, including in the form of occupations of physical culture and sport. So to solve the problem of involvement of people in the occupations of physical culture and sport one is to know the motives inducing and directing to these kinds of activity, conveying a personal meaning in their implementation.

According to V.K. Balsevich, sport as a phenomenon of the common human culture represents a self-sufficient sphere of human activity with a specific mission, fulfilling heuristic, aesthetic, model, recreational, economic and entertainment functions [1].

Physical culture, on the one hand, and sport, on the other, are specific types of human activity, qualitatively differing in the motives inciting and directing their fulfillment.

When allocating the specifics of physical culture as one of the types of motor activity, we took into account the assumption of Soviet psychologist A.N. Leont’ev on the ratio of motives followed by the ratio of activities. Hence, the author marked: “Actually we always deal with special activities, each of which answers a certain need of a subject, tends to the subject of this need, fades as a result of its implementation and is re-stimulated - probably in completely different, new conditions” [6]. Therefore, the specifics of physical culture as a type of activity are in the qualitative peculiarities of its needs and motives.

The needs for physical culture and arising on its base motives are the source of activity, including in the form of occupations of physical culture and sport.

The purpose of the study was to define the motives for physical culture occupations as a type of activity.

Methods. The set purpose was obtained using theoretical analysis and synthesis of the psychological and pedagogical literature on the essence and content of the personality's motivational sphere, the core and content of physical culture.

Results and discussion. All researchers are unanimous in associating human activity with motor activity when comparing the stipulated methods of definition of the essence of physical culture as a specific kind of human activity.

The need for motor activity is known to be one of the basic physiological needs of any life form, including man.

The study of N.G. Lebedeva [4] concerns the studies of the influence of various motor conditions regarding the display of spontaneous motor activity among young schoolchildren. Proceeding from the findings, a limitation by 23-27 % or an increase by 6-25 % of the daily mean of motions is accompanied by the compensatory, though differing change in motor activity next day. The author concluded that limiting or imposing physical activity is followed by a compensatory change of spontaneous motor activity, intended to maintain the constant daily volume of motions and energy consumption. Self-regulation of motor activity is also marked in the works of A.G. Sukharev [9].

The individual amount of motor activity is being set all life long influenced by the environment, and the genetic component stipulates for not directly the amount of activity but the limits of its phenotypic variation within the genetically determined “reaction norm” [9]. It conforms to the modern views of the role of natural factors in the individual behavior.

Consequently, the amount of motor activity is an individual value, comprised under the impact of the genetic program and the environment.

As stated by N.A. Bernshtein, motion is an “element of satisfaction of the needs of a life form”. Therefore, motor activity, that contributes to satisfaction of all acute needs, from basic physiological needs to the high need for creative self-actualization, is distinguished along with the spontaneous form of motor activity of special physiological value, making up for excess or lack of movements.

Positive changes in the indices of corporal and spiritual advance (physical development, extension of motor potential and motor range), acting as material and spiritual values and in the aggregate characterizing personality physical culture are the results of physical culture as a specific kind of human motor activity.

The classification of needs, designed by A. Maslou, is of special importance in settling the problem of our research [7]. The author allocated the groups of motives, systemized in the value hierarchy based on the pyramid principle from the lowest to the highest level in accordance with their function in the personality development.

Man is motivated to the occupations of physical culture by the need for motor activity (set of physiological needs), the need to protect and promote health, (security needs), communication need, strengthening the body appeal and development of physical qualities (need for external physical self-assertion), more efficient professional performance and creative longevity (self-actualization need).

In view of these ideas, G.L. Drandrov suggested systemizing the aggregate of human needs in view of the hierarchical levels of their interaction with the environment. The author distinguished the following levels [2]:

* body physiological systems - natural environment;

* man as an individual (biological entity) - natural environment;

* man as a personality - social environment;

* man as a subject of activity - society

* man as an individuality - man as he wants to be and can be.

The dynamic imbalance in the human interaction at some level results in feeling the relevant group of needs. For example, violation of interaction:

* at the level of body physiological systems in the form of the long-term immobilization brings to the arising need for motor activity;

* at the individual level in the form of disease, trauma etc. - to the health need;

* at the personality level in the form of lack of interaction with people - to experiencing the communication need;

* at the level of subject of activity in the form of comparatively lower results than in other activities - to the need for external self-assertion via mastering the ways of implementation of activity;

* at the individuality level in the form of dissatisfaction with the real individual “self” - to feeling the need to self-actualize the available creative potential.

The author [2] emphasizes, that the power of the need being experienced by a person is contingent on the level of dynamic imbalance in the human interaction with the environment and the individual self.

The motives for physical culture occupations detected by the researchers differ in the level of awareness. Conscious motives can act as interests, convictions and aspirations [8].

As E.P. Il’in [6] notes, the motives for physical culture occupations differ from each other by the content, power and stability. The content is determined by the goal, power – by the value of the need, stability – by the permanency of the need and the level of its satisfaction.

The motives for physical culture occupations are divided into inner procedural, inner effective and extrinsic motives.

The inner procedural motives are the ones related to the need for motor activity and the communication need (interaction). They are notable for the fact that a man enjoys directly the process of physical culture occupations.

The inner effective motives are the ones related to the health need, external self-assertion (visual appeal, physical fitness), creation of conditions for self-actualizing in the sphere of professional activity in the form of professional efficiency and creative longevity. It is defined by the direct satisfaction from the results of physical culture occupations.

The inner motives are the ones to be satisfied indirectly in relation to the process and results of physical culture occupations. The process and results of this activity are inviting for a man not as they are, but as a condition, method, way or precondition of implementation of the aim, external in relation to physical culture.

Physical culture occupations are accompanied by the objective realization of an aggregate of human relationships: to the subject world; people around; society and individual self. So they are always poly-motivated, i.e. meeting several motives. The aggregate of dynamic trends in the form of stable hierarchical system of motives characterizes the orientation of the person behavior and activity.

Conclusion. Summing up the stipulated approaches to allocation and systematization of the needs and motives, motor activity, health promotion and strengthening, communication, physical education, beautiful body and physical fitness, professional efficiency and creative longevity were proved to be the inner motives for physical culture occupations.

Every man has individual specific hierarchy of inner motives for physical culture occupations by the level of their effect and importance.

Efficiency of every motive depends on the level of dynamic imbalance at particular qualitatively different levels of interaction between man and environment and man and individual self.

The most important inner motives giving them personality sense can be allocated in the set of motives that make man do sports.

The view of the individual peculiarities of the hierarchy of inner motives acts as a significant pedagogical condition in settling the problem of involving the population to regular physical culture occupations.                   

References

1. Balsevich, V.K. Human ontokinesiology. (In Russian) / V.K. Balsevich. - Мoscow: Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury, 2000. - 275 P. (In Russian)
2. Drandrov, G.L. Creative and organizational and methods basics of formation of readiness of teacher of physical culture for professional creative activity: monograph / G.L. Drandrov. - Cheboksary: Chuvash state ped. in-te named after I.Ya. Yakovlev, 2007. - 355 P. (In Russian)
3. Il'in, E.P. Motivation and motives / E.P. Il'in. - St.Petersburg: Piter, 2000. - 508 P. (In Russian)
4. Lebedeva, N.T. Motor activity while teaching primary schoolchildren / N.T. Lebedeva // Hygienic basics of physical education. - Minsk: Narodnaya sveta, 1971. - P. 11-20. (In Russian)
5. Ledovskaya, N.M. Voluntary muscle relaxation and its changes related to age and motor activity: abstract of Ph.D. thesis / N.M. Ledovskaya. - Moscow, 1976. – 24 P. (In Russian)
6. Leont'ev, A.N. Selected psychological works / Ed. by V.V. Davydov. - V. 1 and 2 /A.N. Leont'ev. – Moscow: Pedagogika, 1983. - 391 P. and - 318 P. (In Russian)
7. Maslou, A. Self-actualization /Personal psychology. Texts / Ed. by Yu.B. Hippenreiter, A.A. Pyzyr' / A. Maslou. - Moscow: MSU, 1982. - P. 108-117. (In Russian)
8. Petrovsky, A.V. The tasks of pedagogics and psychology of higher school / A.V. Petrovsky // The basics of pedagogics and psychology of higher school. - Moscow: MSU, 1986. - P. 5–13. (In Russian)
9. Sukharev, A.G. Health and physical education of children and teenagers. - Moscow: Meditsina, 1991. - 272 P. (In Russian)

Authors’ contacts: professor-ch@mail.ru