PhD, Associate Professor V.P. Gladenkova¹
PhD, Associate Professor A.Y. Zhmykhova¹
PhD, Associate Professor А.N. Vakulenko ¹
PhD, Associate Professor О.S. Yuzhikova^1
1Astrakhan State Technical University, Astrakhan

Keywords: students, special health group, somatic type, chronic diseases, functionality, physical fitness.

Introduction. The state of health of the rising generation, as well as the quality of young specialist training, largely depends on the health status of student youth. Yet, nowadays, a negative trend remains in the health of this population category, which prevents their successful adaptation and further training. According to different authors, 20-40% of Russian students are attributed to a special health group (SHG), which, in most cases, leads to the medical exemption from physical education and, unavoidably, deterioration of their health [3, 4].

Therefore, against this background, the search for the new forms, methods and tools implemented in this sphere suggests the need to develop a targeted educational methodology, especially, using the potentialities of physical culture and sports as the most effective means of personality socialization. In this connection, it is of particular importance to study the SHG students’ morphology, functionality and physical fitness affecting their level of health.

Objective of the study was to rate and analyse the special health group (SHG) students’ morphology, functionality and physicality versus their somatic types and nosological diagnoses.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was completed at Astrakhan State Technical University in 2010 to 2015, with 17-19 year old special health group (SHG) students 9 (males – 956, females – 692) (n=1648) being subject to the study. The subjects were examined and tested to obtain their body types by Shtefko-Ostrovskiy test adapted by S.S. Darskaya; morphofunctional characteristics (body length, mass, chest circumference) and functionality rates (trunk and grip strength dynamometry) and physicality rates.

Results and discussion. The examination found the prevalence of the thoracic type of constitution in the SHG students (52.6% of girls and 42.3% of boys); the asthenoid type was found almost equifrequently (20.5% of girls and 21.2% of boys), while the digestive type, in contrast to the general population patterns, was more frequent (in our sample) in boys (29.3%) than in girls (23.1%). It can be assumed that for boys this constitutional type is associated with an increased risk of morbidity. The same is true for the asthenoid type, which is also more often encountered in girls than in the population. The muscular constitutional type is not peculiar to this category of students at all, and is found only in 3.8% of girls and 7.2% of boys.

The morbidity rate analysis revealed that students are most susceptible to the diseases of the musculoskeletal system (MSS) - 32.8%, cardiovascular system (CVS), respiratory (RS) and endocrine (ES) systems (respectively, 28.4%, 22, 3%, 16.5%). The increased rate of diseases of the musculoskeletal system is typical of those of the asthenoid (boys - 28.4%, girls - 26.1%) and digestive (boys - 21.2%, girls - 17.8%) somatotypes. The greatest percentage of the cardiovascular disorders was registered among those of the digestive type of constitution (boys - 37.9%, girls - 32.5%). The respiratory system disorders are most typical of students of the digestive (15.3% of boys, 12.5% ​​of girls) and asthenoid (11.7% of boys and 10.3% of girls) body types.

The increased rate of the endocrine system diseases was found in the representatives of the digestive somatotype (boys - 44.8%, girls - 43.3%). Moreover, some male and female students were diagnosed with two or more diseases.

The results of the female students’ morpho-functional status analysis versus somatotypes and diagnoses are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Indicators of morphofunctional status of SHG female students of 17-19 years of age belonging to different somatotypes and having different chronic diseases

Among boys, it was students of the digestive body type who were the tallest: with RS (179.2±2.1 cm), ES (178.9±3.1 cm) and MSS (178.2±1.6 cm) diseases (p<0.01).

The highest body mass (kg) (83.3±3.4) and chest circumference (cm) (102.9±3.4) indices were found in the students of the digestive body type with the RS diseases (p>0.01).

The highest indices of VC were registered in the boys of the thoracic body type with the ES diseases (4654±234.9 ml) (p<0.01).

Boys of the thoracic type of constitution with the ES diseases were found to have the highest indices of the grip dynamometry (kg) (45.8±2.9) (p<0.01). Boys of the thoracic type with the CVS disorders demonstrated the highest trunk dynamometry indices (144.9±12.7) (p<0.01).

The comparative analysis of the physical fitness indices in the female students, belonging to different nosological groups, showed that in the 30 m run test (sec) it was girls of the asthenoid type with the MSS (6.7±0.07) and ES (5.3±0.1) diseases (p>0.01) who demonstrated the best results. The worst results were demonstrated by girls of the digestive body type with the CVS (7.7±0.1) and RS (7.5±0.08) diseases (p<0.01).

In the 1000 m run test (sec) the best results were demonstrated by the thoracic-type girls with the ES diseases (315.1±4.3) (p<0.01), the worst - by the digestive-type girls with the CVS (382.6±3.8) and RS (379.0±4.8) diseases (p<0.01).

The highest results in the standing long jump test (m) were achieved by the girls of the thoracic type with the musculoskeletal disorders (187.5±3.2), the worst - by the girls of the digestive type with the CVS (131.0±4.4 ) and RS (144.1±3.5) diseases (p<0.01).

In the forward trunk bending test (cm) the largest values were registered in the asthenoid-type girls with the MSS (16.1±0.6) and CVS (15.9±.3) disorders (p>0.01), the worst - in the digestive-type girls with the RS (2.9±0.7) and ES (5.1±0.7) diseases (p<0.01).

The highest results in the pull-up test (number of reps) were registered in girls of the asthenoid body type with the RS (16.2±0.3) and CVS disorders (15.0±0.4) (p<0.01), the lowest – in the girls of the digestive body type with the CVS (4.1±0.3) and RS (4.8±0.2) disorders (p>0.01).

The results of the students’ physical fitness analysis versus somatotypes and diagnoses are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Physical fitness indices in SHG students of 17-19 years of age belonging to different somatotypes and having different chronic diseases

The study found that the representatives of the somatotypes differ significantly in the structure of chronic diseases: musculoskeletal disorders are most typical of the asthenoid somatotype; musculoskeletal system and respiratory system disorders – of the thoracic somatotype; musculoskeletal, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory and endocrine system diseases – of the digestive somatotype.

It was found that in terms of the majority of the analyzed physical fitness indices, the SHG representatives of the digestive somatotype with different diseases, both boys and girls, yield significantly to the representatives of other somatotypes in performance. Excess body mass makes it difficult to achieve high results in running, jumping and other tests. The best results in 30 m run, 1000 m run, standing long jumps, forward trunk bending and pull-ups were observed in boys and girls of the thoracic body type (exclusively of the muscular-type students).

Conclusion. Body type is the key variability factor in terms of morphology, functionality and physical fitness. And, consequently, it is necessary to take it into account when organizing physical education classes for SHG students in order to improve their health.

References

1. Verushkin N.G. Metody i sredstva upravleniya fizicheskoy podgotovkoy studentov tekhnicheskikh vuzov. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Control methods and tools in physical training of technical university students. PhD diss. abstract]. Moscow: publ., 1996, 24 p.
2. Gilyazetdinov D.M., Akchurin B.G. Vzaimosvyaz vuza i vneshnikh faktorov formirovaniya fizicheskogo zdorovya VNIIFK studentov [Interrelation of university and external factors of building of VNIIFK students' physical health]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 1996, no. 1, pp. 12-13.
3. Petukhova A.E., Dedyulina N.V. Sostoyanie i problemy zdorovya studencheskoy molodezhi [State and problems of students' health]. Mater. 2-go Kongressa Rossiyskogo obschestva shkolnoy i universitetskoy meditsiny i zdorovya [Proc. 2nd Congress of Russian Society of School and University Medicine and Health]. Moscow: NKZD RAMN publ., 2010, pp. 489-492.
4. Rumba O.G. Sistema pedagogicheskogo regulirovaniya dvigatelnoy aktivnosti studentov spetsialnykh meditsinskikh grupp. Avtoref. dis. dokt. ped. nauk [System of pedagogical regulation of motor activity of special health group students. Doctoral diss. Abstract (Hab.)]. St. Petersburg, 2011, 51 p.

Corresponding author: victoriagl@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to rate and analyse the special health group (SHG) students’ morpho-functional characteristics and physical fitness versus their somatotypes and nosological diagnoses. The study was completed at Astrakhan State Technical University in 2010 to 2015, with 17-19 year-old special health group students of both sexes (n=1648) being subject to the study. The subjects were examined and tested to obtain their body types by Shtefko-Ostrovskiy test adapted by S.S. Darskaya; morpho-functional characteristics (body length, mass, chest circumference) and functionality rates (trunk and grip strength dynamometry) and physical fitness rates. The study found the lowest gender-unspecific physical fitness test rates in the SHG subjects of digestive body type with different diagnoses versus the other analysed somatic types. The best physical fitness test rates were found in the thoracic-type male and female subjects (net of the masculine-type individuals).