PhD, Associate Professor L.N. Shatilovich¹
PhD, Associate Professor V.I. Nazmutdinova¹
PhD, Associate Professor D.S. Rechapov^1
1Tyumen State University, Tyumen

Keywords: youth, physical development, functionality, health, professional fitness for GTO Complex services.

Background. The ongoing reforms in the national education system associated with the growing mental and emotional stresses and physical inactivity are reported to increasingly contribute to the growth of health disorders and civilisation-related diseases in the young population; and these negative trends call for the relevant reforms in the national physical education system geared to improve the health management system for success of professional service [1, 3, 7].

High priority in this context is given to the national GTO Complex reinstatement project to address a variety of critical challenges and improve, among other things, life quality and longevity by the national health standards being advanced via systemic physical education services customisable to different age groups. The GTO Complex reinstatement project is expected to engage up to 40% of the national population in the health building process till the year of 2020 [4, 6].

Objective of the study was to analyse the morphology and functionality data to rate health of students and young specialists employed in the national physical education and sports (PES) system to profile their individual fitness for the professional responsibilities in the GTO Complex reinstatement project and for the relevant health services to communities.

Methods and structure of the study. Subject to the study were 43 full-time students (18 females and 25 males) of Physical Education Institute of Tyumen State University and 41 young specialists (17 females and 25 males) employed in the national physical education and sports (PES) sector. Two student/ employed female and two male groups were aged 19.3±0.1  and 24.6±1.9 years and 19.5±0.2 and 25.5±0.8 years, respectively.

We obtained and analysed the physical development and functionality data of the students and young employees. Anthropometrical measurements generated data on body mass and length; actual vital capacity (AVC) measured by dry spirometer and due vital capacity (DVC) metered by Anthoni test; standard right/left wrist strength (RWI, LWI) indices measured using wrist dynamometry; with physical development rated by body mass index (BMI), Kettle index (KI), birth-death ratio (BDR) and strength index (SI); plus breath-holding tests during expiration/ inspiration applied to rate hypoxic tolerance in the sample. The blood circulation system functionality was rated by the basic hemodynamic indices including the following: heart rate (HR); systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) rates. The body adaptability rates were obtained using the R.M. Bayevsky’s Test and V.P. Voitenko’s health self-rating test. Individual fitness of the young PES specialists was rated by the relevant questionnaire survey data.

Study results and discussion. Comparisons of the physical development data arrays failed to find any significant intergroup differences in the sample in the body mass and length data, right/left wrist dynamometry and BMI that varied within the normal range. The KI in the female and male groups were within and above the norm, respectively. Gender differences of the data arrays were rated statistically significant [5]. The gender differences of 22% were found in the SI and wrist dynamometry data in both age groups; with the SI of the student male group being notably higher than in the employed male group.

The male vs. female spirometric data in both of the age groups showed higher indices in both male groups. The gender differences were more expressed in the young employed groups (36.35%), being  higher than the standard gender difference of 20-25%. The actual VC was rated versus gender-, age- and training-specific due values, with deviations within the range of 85-115% considered normal. It should be noted that the AVC vs. DVC analysis for the groups engaged in systemic physical training in their academic and employment periods showed high deviations of 34.2% and 30.3% in the female groups and 32.2% in the employed male groups. It should be mentioned that the absolute VI values were virtually the same within the sample; with the female group BDR being within the norm for female athletes; and the male group VI varying under the norm (i.e. normal for non-sporting males).

Table 1. Physical development indices of the PES student and employed groups

The data of the breath-holding tests during expiration/ inspiration gave the means to rate the individual tolerance to low oxygen levels to indirectly assess the willpower and metabolic processes – known to be largely determined by the blood circulation/ respiratory system functionality, oxygen demand and redox reactions in bodily tissues; and diagnose latent cardiovascular system disorders. It is common knowledge today that systemic athletic trainings tend to increase the hypoxic test rates. Having compared the study data of the sample with the relevant norms we found the data of the breath-holding test during inspiration being within the norm for athletes; and the data of the breath-holding test during expiration being indicative of all the sample having good resistance to hypoxemia and hypercapnia: see Table 1.

It is the HR and BP rating tests that give the most accessible and informative data for diagnoses of the cardiovascular pathologies. The HR and DBP rates in every study group were found within the age norms. The statistically significant growth of the SBP to the upper normal limit in the employed male group and the fall to the lower normal limit in the female student group deserve special mentioning.

For the purposes of the combined cardiorespiratory system functionality rating tests, we computed the circulatory-respiratory function index (CRI). The study data were interpreted as indicative of the cardiorespiratory system reserve being significantly higher in the student and employed male groups; with the student female group tested with satisfactory cardiorespiratory system reserves, and all the other groups with good reserves.

Table 2. Cardiorespiratory system functionality test rates in the student and employed groups

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for the vital bodily functionality control and regulation from the minimal values at rest to the maximums during exercise (varying from regular physical loads to stress performance); i.e. indicative of the body adaptation to the environmental/ operational conditions. Influences of the ANS on the cardiovascular system (CVS) are traditionally rated by birth death ratio indices (BDR). The study data resulted in the employed male group being diagnosed with moderate vagotonia; the student female group with expressed sympathicotonia; and the student male group and employed female group with moderate sympathotonia: see Table 2.

As provided by R.M. Bayevskiy, health may be considered by the degree of expression of adaptive responses determined by the body functionality reserves –  that vary from the relatively high functionality rates to abruptly sagged rates [1, 2]. Based on the adaptability rates (AR) generated by the study, we found satisfactory adaptability within the physiological norm in 76.5% of the student females and 65.2% in the student males; in the employed youth group 58.8% and 25.0% females and males were tested with satisfactory adaptability, respectively. Stressed adaptation mechanisms were diagnosed in the student groups (23.5% and 34.8% in the females and males, respectively) and in the employed groups (41.2% and 75.0% in the females and males, respectively), and this finding gives the grounds to recommend the relevant health projects being taken for disease prevention and health improvement [2, 8].

The questionnaire survey based on the V.P. Voytenko’s test followed by the survey data comparisons found the higher health self-rates in males (6.83±1.70) versus females (8.94±1.08) generally compatible with the instrumental adaptability test rates.

Questionnaire survey of the employed PES specialists made it possible to rate the gender-specific attitudes to the GTO Complex reinstatement project. As reported by the employed females, 15.4%, 46.2% and 30.8%  of them rated their own competency in the GTO Complex content and requirements as ‘excellent’, ‘good’ and ‘satisfactory’, respectively. Self-rates in the male group were notably lower with  13.6%, 22.7% and 37.2% of them rating their own competency in the GTO Complex content and requirements as ‘excellent’, ‘good’ and ‘satisfactory’, respectively. The rest of the sample rated their own theoretical competency as unsatisfactory and reported a need for competency building in some of the GTO Complex aspects and requirements. Fitness self-rates of the employed males and females related to their fitness for professional training services for qualifications for the GTO Complex tests were the following: most of the employed females (61.6%) self-rated their fitness good, and 38.4% satisfactory. The employed males’ self-rates were the following: 9.0% reported fit excellent, 22.9% fit good; 54.5% fit satisfactory; and 13.6% unfit for the professional training services for qualification for the GTO Complex tests. Most important factors for the GTO Complex implementation project success were reported as follows: (1) PES specialists’ professional competency for and interest in the PES services provided to communities; and (2) due awareness and interest in the PES services in every age group that means that the services need to be duly promoted, popularised and facilitated to cultivate healthy lifestyles on the whole and train people for the GTO Complex tests in particular.

Conclusion. The national GTO Complex reinstatement project in the modern socio-economical conditions sets forth high standards for the PES students’ and young specialists’ competences and skills including the own health management competences and skills to be highly professional and competitive on the labour markets.

References

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Corresponding author: shatilovi444l@mail.ru

Abstract

The study considers a variety of problems associated with the modern young people’s health rating and improvement initiatives. A set of physical development, blood circulation and respiratory system rates, health self-rates and objective test rates were used to obtain gender-specific physicality profiles of the full-time physical education university students and young specialists working in the national physical culture and sports sector (juvenile and just-mature ages). The study data and analyses showed the male respondents’ health self-rates being higher than those of the female respondents albeit the health and adaptability tests yielded different data. The study found a significant growth of the systolic blood pressure up to the upper permissible limit in the working males; and its decrease to the lower limit of the permissible limit in female students; with domination of sympathicotony-diagnosed females in both of the groups and male students; and with most of the just-mature group males diagnosed with a moderate parasympathicotony. The study groups were different in the cardio-respiratory system reserves, with the female students tested with satisfactory reserves and every other study group with good reserves. A key role in the health improvement and GTO Complex implementation projects shall be played by professionally comptent and well-motivated physical culture and sports sector specialists providing health services to trainees; with every age group being duly informed on and interested in the projects.