PhD R.A. Gaynullin¹
Professor, Dr.Biol. A.P. Isaev²
Associate Professor, PhD V.V. Erlikh³
Postgraduate J.B. Korableva^3
1Bashkir State University, Ufa
²Research Center of Sports Science, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk
³Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk

Abstract

There is a debate in modern medical science about the appropriateness of the semantics of norm that has over 300 definitions. Practical (individual, gender) recommendations are provided for correcting condition and fitness level. Breathing function manifests itself differently in three health groups with their specific features. It is on a prioritized high level of functioning in the 1^st group, on low and middle levels – in the 2^nd group and on an extremely low level – in the 3^rd health group. From this we can conclude that sustainment of students of the 3^rd and 2^nd health groups requires a large energy consumption. Their vitality is at the lower border of biological reliability, and life preservation depends on the redistribution of functions, changes in the regulatory processes of the integrative functioning of the body providing health and safety.

Keywords: external breathing function, analysis of variance, comparative inter- and intragroup values, diagrams of mean values, variability of values, reference limits, norm.

Introduction. Individuality, according to R. Williams (1960), is a deviation from the norm. Genetic polymorphism indicates ranges of variability within reference limits: “There is nothing more uncertain than normal human behavior” [1]. The amorphousness of the norm is seen in everyday practice. The approach from the point of view of the norm has proven to be ineffective.

Research method and organization. First-year students aged 17-19 were subject to studies. Examination of the external breathing function (EBF) was carried out using the “Eton” apparatus (Russia) [4].

Results and discussion. Research results are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1 (the comparison was conducted in three health groups).

Table 1. Analysis of variance of breathing function of students

Pulmonary ventilation when assessing the dynamic characteristics – volume, speed and time together form breathing patterns. Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation is thoroughly studied in modern physiology [3]. Breathing is determined by respiratory muscles, the volume of ventilated air, breathing resistance, overcoming by contractions of these muscles [1]. In assessing the breathing function they distinguish static volumes and capacity (total lung capacity, vital capacity, respiratory and reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity). Ventilation, diffusion, perfusion and tissue respiration collectively include external and tissue breathing. Ergospirometry is one of the methods of breathing function assessment [5]. Physical exercise tolerance reflects the degree of adaptive capability of a student and the ability to overcome the proposed load.

Hereby is an example of distribution of the mean reserve breathing volume by groups (1-3). Twenty-two indicators of the breathing function were analyzed.

Figure 1. Diagrams of mean values

Variance correctly characterizes the scatter if the set has a normal distribution. Dispersions of δ2 set with F close to 1. The null hypothesis is rejected in such indicators as expiratory FVC, cardiac output 50, Tiffeneau index, mean flow rate 75-85, inspiratory peak flow rate, maximum breathing capacity.

Indicators of external breathing presented in the diagrams can be differentiated by input into the breathing patterns. Thus, the following indicators were high in the 1^st group: expiratory reserve volume, inspiratory capacity, cardiac output 50, 75, Gaensler index, mean flow rate 0.2-1.2, mean flow rate 25, 75, mean time of peak flow rate, maximum breathing capacity, mean expiratory flow rate, ratio of cardiac output 50 to vital capacity, mean expiratory FVC, mean forced expiratory volume per second. Therefore, the breathing pattern included volume, speed and time characteristics in the 1^st health group. Average and low indicators were observed in the 1^st health group. Accordingly, high breathing indicators accounted for 57.14 %, while the moderate and low ones - for 42.86 %.

In the second group high values were detected in the following indicators: cardiac output 25, Tiffeneau index, peak expiratory flow rate, mean flow rate 75-85, FEV 0.5 seconds, temporary expiratory vital capacity, average time of transition, ratio of cardiac output 50 to forced vital capacity. In the second group high values accounted for 28.57 %, moderate and low – for 71.43 %. In the third group only 10.71% of subjects had high values, and 89.29% had them at moderate and low levels.

Conclusion.  The breathing function manifests itself differently in three health groups with their specific features. It is on a prioritized high level of functioning in the 1^st group, on low and moderate levels – in the 2^nd group and on an extremely low level – in the 3^rd health group. From this we can conclude that sustainment of students of the 3^rd and 2^nd health groups requires a large energy consumption. Their vitality is at the lower border of biological reliability, and life preservation depends on the redistribution of functions, changes in the regulatory processes of the integrative functioning of the body providing health and safety.

The work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation within the framework of the basic part of the state task (project code – 1696). 

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