Dr.Hab., Dr. of Physical Education and Sport, Professor I.G. Maksimenko^{1, 2}
Dr.Hab. of Russia and Ukraine, Professor G.N. Maksimenko³
PhD, Associate Professor I.Yu. Voronin¹
Associate Professor L.V. Zilina^1
1Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod
²Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism, Kazan
³Lugansk National Agrarian University, Lugansk

Keywords: qualifications, overall and special endurance, rates, competitive activities, sports games.

Background. The unprecedented pressure from WADA, on the one hand, and increased competition in world sports arenas, on the other, have identified a diverse range of issues in Russian sports. The foregoing necessitates further optimization of the training process in all sports, especially prestigious ones such as sports games. The analysis of recent studies has revealed that, in spite of a sufficient number of publications on the issue, the comparative characteristics of development of different types of endurance of team athletes depending on their specialization and qualification have not been studied well enough [2-5].

Objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the special and overall endurance rates in the representatives of various sports games with the qualifications from Class III to Masters of Sport.

Methods and structure of the study. We tested the aerobic abilities and special endurance rates in 128 volleyball players, 127 handball players, 136 basketball players, 140 football players, and 118 rugby players with the sports qualifications from Class III to Masters of Sport. The level of development of their aerobic capacities was studied in Cooper’s 12-minute run test [1]. Special endurance was evaluated using the common 5x30 m shuttle run test and a game-specific exercise [1]. The football players were subjected to the 7x50 m shuttle run test. The volleyball players performed the jump endurance test, which consisted in counting the number of touching jumps at a height of 98% of the maximum. The basketball players were to perform the following exercise: start from one end line and run to the opposite end line, then turn and run in the opposite direction - for 40 sec. Then followed a 1-min rest break, after which the athletes repeated the 40-sec run. We considered the total meters covered in 80 sec.

Results and discussion. The data given in the table indicate that the results of Cooper's run test improved with the growth of sports skills. However, in all types of sports games, there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) between almost all the results demonstrated by the athletes of the adjacent sports categories. For example, the rugby players qualified from Class III to Masters of Sport showed the following progress in Cooper’s test: 2895.7±16.01; 3101.3±15.11; 3177.7±14.38; 3288.5±15.08 and 3411.4±14.05 m, respectively. According to the table, in terms of the level of development of overall endurance the representatives of different sports games can be ranked as follows: 1) football players, 2) rugby players, 3) handball players, 4) basketball players, 5) volleyball players. This distribution is obviously due to the specific features of each sports game, which imposes relevant requirements for the athletes' aerobic performance. For example, Masters of Sport in football, who have the highest level of development of aerobic capacities as opposed to the representatives in other sports games, cover an average of 3,611.2±14.14 m in 12 minutes, while Candidate Sport Masters and Class I athletes - 3,494.7±14.22 m and 3,307.8±15.18 m, respectively.

The results of testing of special endurance in the volleyball players, basketball players, rugby players, handball players, and football players and their correlation with the effectiveness of their competitive activities showed an average and high strength of relationship - r from 0.51 to 0.72. At the same time, as in the overall endurance tests, the special endurance rates increased with the growth of the athletes' sports skills by a statistically significant value (p<0.05). The 5x30 m shuttle run test results revealed the specificity and expediency of its use in different sports games. It is obvious that this test can be successfully used along with other tests in football, rugby, and handball to solve certain tasks - in basketball and to a lesser extent - in volleyball trainings. Thus, in terms of the 5x30 m shuttle run test results, the representatives of different sports games were distributed as follows: 1) rugby players, 2) football players, 3) basketball players, 4) handball players, 5) volleyball players. The best absolute result in the 5×30 m shuttle run test was demonstrated by the rugby and football players qualified Masters of Sport: 19.55±0.03 sec and 20.05±0.05 sec.

Table 1. Overall and special endurance rates in team athletes of different specializations and qualifications

Note. * – the differences between the adjacent sports categories are significant at p<0.05

The findings once again confirmed the need to ensure effective control over the parameters of overall and special endurance in all types of sports games [2, 3, 5], as these aspects of fitness often decide the outcome of strenuous sports matches.

Conclusions. The data obtained during the study correlate with those obtained by the leading experts on the close relationship between the overall and special endurance rates and the effectiveness of competitive activities in different sports games, which necessitates the optimization of the athletic training process by improving the relevant components of the athletes' sports skills.

We substantiated the need to consider the parameters of aerobic capacities and special endurance when planning the process of multi-year training of volleyball players, basketball players, handball players, rugby players, and football players at different stages of sports qualification - from Class III to Master of Sports. The practical use of the data obtained ensures that the principles of proportionality in the development of physical qualities and orientation towards higher achievements are realized in the process of athletic training. 

The comparative analysis of the overall endurance rates in the volleyball players, basketball players, handball players, football players, and rugby players revealed a significant advantage of the football players. While the highest results in the 5x30 m run test were demonstrated by the rugby and football players. The prospects for further research may be focused on the study of strength abilities of the representatives of various sports games.

References

1. Maksimenko G.N., Maksimenko I.G., Vasilchenko I.I. et al. Long-term training of junior track and field athletes. Lugansk: Virtualnaya realnost publ., 2011. 512 p.
2. Hermassi S., Carlo C., Yahmed M., Hachana Y., Karim C. Direct validity of the yo-yo intermittent recovery test in young team handball players Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2010. Vol. 24. рр. 465 – 70.
3. Johnston R.D., Gabbett T.J., Jenkins D.G. The influence of physical fitness and playing standard on pacing strategies during a team-sport tournament International journal of sports physiology and performance. 2015. Vol. 10. рр. 1001 – 8.
4. Maksimenko I.G. Perspective directions optimization of process of long-term preparation of young sportsmen (on the example of team games). Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports. 2012. No. 3. рр. 79 – 81.
5. Paraskevas G., Hadjicharalambous M. Аerobic fitness of starter and non-starter soccer players in the champion's league. Journal of human kinetics. 2018. Vol. 61. рр. 99 – 108.

Corresponding author: maksimenko_76@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the special and overall endurance rates in the representatives of various sports games with the qualifications from Class III to Masters of Sport.

Methods and structure of the study. We tested the aerobic abilities and special endurance rates in 128 volleyball players, 127 handball players, 136 basketball players, 140 football players, and 118 rugby players with the sports qualifications from Class III to Masters of Sport. The following research methods were applied: theoretical analysis; pedagogical observations; pedagogical testing; mathematical statistics methods.

Results and conclusions. The studies made it possible to determine the aerobic abilities and special endurance rates in the volleyball players, basketball players, handball players, rugby players and football players with different skill levels - from Class III to Masters of Sports. The improvement of sports skills of the representatives of these sports games takes place simultaneously with the significant (p<0.05) improvement of aerobic potential and special endurance. For example, the rugby players qualified from Class III to Masters of Sport showed the following progress in Cooper’s test: 2895.7±16.01; 3101.3±15.11; 3177.7±14.38; 3288.5±15.08 and 3411.4±14.05 m, respectively. By the level of development of aerobic abilities, the representatives of various sports games were ranked as follows: 1) football players, 2) rugby players, 3) handball players, 4) basketball players, 5) volleyball players. The best absolute result in the 5×30 m shuttle run test was demonstrated by the rugby and football players qualified Masters of Sport: 19.55±0.03 sec and 20.05±0.05 sec.

The practical use of the data obtained ensures that the principles of proportionality in the development of physical qualities and orientation towards higher achievements are realized in the process of athletic training. The prospects for further research may be focused on the study of strength abilities of the representatives of various sports games.