PhD, Associate Professor E.A. Pozdeeva¹
PhD, Professor G.N. Pshenichnikova¹
PhD, Associate Professor Y.V. Korichko^2
1Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sports, Omsk
²Nizhnevartovsk State University, Nizhnevartovsk

Keywords: aerobics, execution mastery, model specifications, competitive routines.

Introduction. Modern aerobics is marked by the growing complexity of the competitive programs, bringing of technical skills to the level of virtuosity [4, 5]. The gymnasts include in their competitive performance elements of the highest difficulty from various structural groups, combining them with various acrobatics elements. At the same time, along with the improvement of their technical skills, attention is yet to be paid to special expressiveness and artistry, search for the new, original combinations, transitions, connections of aerobic tracks and dance moves. Many authors emphasize that modeling will help to increase the efficiency of the athletic training system, both as a whole and its particular aspects [1-6, 12].

An insufficient number of research papers [1, 7–9] are devoted to the modeling of sports activities in aerobics. In artistic gymnastics, most authors pay more attention to the model characteristics of various types of fitness of the strongest athletes, models of training design and its individual cycles, periods, models of teaching the techniques of gymnastic exercises, etc. Within the training system for gymnasts specializing in sport aerobics, today there is a model of comprehensive quantitative assessment of execution mastery, developed on the basis of the scientific studies [8-10].

However, these models need to be adjusted due to the increasing difficulty of competitive routines, changes and amendments to the competition rules, general trends in the development of modern sport aerobics.

Objective of the study was to design a technical and artistic performance rating model for correction of sport aerobics routines in the context of modern rules of individual competitions.

Methods and structure of the study. The educational experiment and analyses were completed at CYSS #1 and CYORSS #18 in Omsk city in 2002-2018 with 60 elite athletes sampled for the model testing experiment. The study included expert analyses of the video replays of the competitive routines in the World, Russian and Siberian Federal Regional championships. The analyses resulted in summaries of the routine contents and routine quality ratings and provided a basis for a technical and artistic performance rating model for the modern sport aerobics.

Results and discussion. Athletes’ execution mastery (AEM) is the art of performing exercises, and any form of art, according to many experts, is composed of two components: technical and mechanical, and artistic/ aesthetic. The study is based on the AEM scheme developed for sport aerobics, where the technical component consists in the complexity of the exercise performed and routine quality, and the aesthetic one - in the content and compositional construction of the exercise ("program choreography").

In view of the changes and amendments to the competition rules in artistic gymnastics (version of 2017-2020), we had to amplify and revise the model characteristics. Thus, the exercise complexity was defined by the number of elements of the highest difficulty, average difficulty, combination of acrobatics elements and elements of complexity. In this case, the complexity of the competitive programs increased by 1.5 times (up to 3 points).

The routine quality was assessed by the level of execution of the elements of complexity and those of basic choreography, which was expressed in the deductions for the technical merits. The "program choreography” criterion also included such groups of indicators as: musical illustration harmony (musical compliance), intensity, use of space, transitions and interactions, free execution. In terms of the referees’ assessment, these two components of AEM are viewed separately. However, the two-way-ANOVA test results indicated the mutual influence of the technique of execution and "aesthetics" of the exercise [9, 10].

The analysis of the competitive results of Siberian Federal Regional sports aerobics championship in 2017 (n=38) and the calculation of arithmetic and standard deviations enabled us to determine the range of scores for execution, artistry, complexity. Based on the findings, three levels of execution mastery were distinguished: high, moderate, low. The data obtained helped to develop a diagnostic model for assessing the athletes’ execution mastery in sports aerobics.

The complex indicators of the technical component characterize the level of execution and complexity of the program, and individual indicators, such as deductions for the technique of execution of the elements of complexity, "basic choreography"; elements of the highest complexity ("ultra-c" elements), average difficulty specificate the complex ones. The aesthetic component of AEM is expressed in the artistry of execution of the program (program choreography).

The individual indicators of artistry were represented by the summary indicators of the program construction and execution. Next, we introduced the model levels of the parameters (or model characteristics levels), i.e. low, moderate, high (see figure). Over the past decade, the level of execution in sport aerobics has increased by an average of 1.1±0.1 score. That is why it is now believed that, with the maximum of elements of the highest difficulty and their technically
perfect execution, it is only the aesthetic component that can serve as a measure of the qualitative difference in the athletic performances (see figure).

Numerous pedagogical observations and the analysis of the methodical literature and competition rules on artistic gymnastics enabled to determine the content of competitive exercises and characteristics of the construction (drawing), including various elements, movements, actions, accent points, transitions, directions, etc. The correlation analysis revealed the parameters that significantly correlate with the scores for artistry. This fact was also confirmed by the results of the one-way ANOVA test, which showed that the impact of the studied factors ranged from 19% to 46%.

Execution mastery rating model in aerobics [9]

These indicators were attributed to the group of expressive means: difficult skill elements; arm movements; registration jumps; dance moves; accent points; transitions; transitions and interactions; musical illustration harmony; head movement, acrobatics elements. We assume that these movements are those aspects of artistry that provide a higher quality of performance.

The calculation of the arithmetic mean and standard deviations enabled to determine the minimum, average and maximum number of movements corresponding to three levels of the athletes’ execution mastery. Thus, we compiled the model characteristics of the individual competitive routines in elite sport aerobics as applied to senior gymnasts [9].

The effectiveness of the execution mastery rating model was tested during the pilot (2006) and repeated (2017) educational experiments. When correcting the competitive routine contents during the training process, the Experimental Group athletes were found to have some statistically significant positive changes in the indicators as follows: registration jumps, arm movements, accent points, transitions and interactions, rate of execution, musical illustration harmony (p<0.05), as a result of which their scores for artistic and technical merits, as well as the total score, increased (p<0.05).

Conclusion. The model was designed to rate two competitive routine aspects: technical and artistic/ aesthetic. It represents three adjusted program execution levels (low, moderate and high). The study data and analyses helped clarify the model characteristics of the competitive routines in elite sport aerobics versus the execution rank/ difficulty level with the guiding scores for artistic merits.

The proposed technical and artistic performance rating model was found beneficial as verified by the findings of the repeated educational experiment.

References

1. Andreasyan K.B. Modelirovanie godichnogo tsikla podgotovki v sportivnoy aerobike. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Modeling of annual training cycle in sport aerobics. PhD diss. abstract]. Moscow, 1996, 23 p.
2. Arkaev L.Y., Suchilin N.G. Kak gotovit chempionov: teoriya i tekhnologiya podgotovki gimnastov vysshey kvalifikatsii [How to train champions: theory and technology of elite gymnasts' training]. Moscow: Fizkultura i sport publ., 2004, pp. 56-60.
3. Bezrodnaya N.S., Pilyuk N.N. Urovni razvitiya i modelnye kharakteristiki gotovnosti k sorevnovatelnoy deyatelnosti akrobatov vysokoy kvalifikatsii [Levels of development and model characteristics of competitive fitness of elite acrobats]. Aktualnye voprosy fiz. kult. i sporta: tr. nauch.-issled. in-ta problem fiz. kult. i sporta [Actual questions phys. ed. and sports: research works of in-te for problems phys. ed. and sports]. Krasnodar, KubanAAPC: 2001, vol. 4, pp. 7-11.
4. Borisenko S.I. Povyshenie ispolnitelskogo masterstva gimnastok na osnove sovershenstvovaniya khoreograficheskoy podgotovki. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Improvements in choreographic training to excel technical mastery of female gymnasts. PhD diss. abstract]. Moscow, 2000, 23 p.
5. Karavatskaya N.A. Metodika formirovaniya navykov dvigatelnoy vyrazitelnosti v khudozhestvennoy gimnastike. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Motor expression building methods in rhythmic gymnastics. PhD diss. abstract]. Smolensk, 2002, 20 p.
6. Kasatkina N.A. Formirovanie stabilnosti i nadezhnosti sorevnovatelnoy deyatelnosti v sportivnoy aerobike. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Formation of competitive stability and reliability in sport aerobics. PhD diss. abstract]. Naberezhnye Chelny, 2012, 23 p.
7. Kletsov K.G., Chayun D.V. Modelnye kharakteristiki soderzhaniya sorevnovatelnykh programm u vysokokvalifitsirovannykh sportsmenov v sportivnoy aerobike [Model characteristics of content of competition programs in highly skilled athletes in sport aerobics]. Fizkulturnoe obrazovanie Sibiri. Omsk. Omsk, 2015, no. 2 (34), pp. 30-33.
8. Korichko Y.V. K voprosu ob esteticheskikh pokazatelyakh sportivno-tekhnicheskogo masterstva i muzykalno-dvigatelnoy podgotovlennosti v sportivnoy aerobike [On aesthetic indicators of sports technical skills and music-motor skills in sport aerobics]. Vestnik Nizhnevartovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2017, no. 3, pp. 85-90.
9. Pozdeeva E.A. Otsenka i korrektsiya individualnykh sorevnovatelnykh programm gimnastov starshikh razryadov v sportivnoy aerobike. Avtoref. dis. kand. ped. nauk [Evaluation and correction of individual competiton programs of senior gymnasts in sport aerobics. PhD diss. abstract]. Omsk: SibSUPC publ., 2006, 24 p.
10. Pozdeeva E.A. Modelirovanie otsenki ispolnitelskogo masterstva sportsmenov starshikh razryadov v sportivnoy aerobike [Modeling assessment of technical mastery of senior athletes in sport aerobics]. Omskiy nauchny vestnik, 2006, no. 5 (39), pp. 250-253.
11. Pravila sorevnovaniy po aerobnoy gimnastike [Competition rules in aerobic gymnastics]. International Federation of Gymnastics publ., 2017, 29 p.
12. Pshenichnikova G.N., Korichko Y.V. Aerobika v shkole. Ucheb. posobie [Aerobics in the school. Study guide]. 2nd ed. Omsk: SibSUPC publ., 2009, 254 p.

The study analyzes basics of the technical and artistic performance rating model for correction of sport aerobics routines in the context of modern rules of individual competitions. The study included expert analyses of the video replays of the competitive routines in the World, Russian and Siberian Federal Regional championships. The analyses resulted in summaries of the routine contents and routine quality ratings and provided a basis for a technical and artistic performance rating model for the modern sport aerobics. The educational experiment and analyses were completed at CYSS #1 and CYORSS #18 in Omsk city in 2002-2018 with 60 elite athletes sampled for the model testing experiment. The model was designed to rate the technical and artistic/ aesthetic aspects of the competitive routines and rank them by three (low, moderate and high) levels. The study data and analyses helped clarify the model characteristics of the competitive routines in elite sport aerobics versus the execution rank/ difficulty level with the guiding scores for artistic merits.

The proposed technical and artistic performance rating model was found beneficial as verified by findings of the repeated educational experiment.