PhD, Professor A.V. Zakharova¹
PhD N.M. Tarbeeva¹
PhD, Professor T.I. Myasnikova¹
PhD K.R. Mekhdieva¹
PhD L.N. Fitina^1
1Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg

Keywords: cross country skiing, overall endurance, hemodynamic test rates, training process individualizing.

Introduction. Our hemodynamic tests of athletes of various qualifications, conducted since 2010, revealed that, in modern conditions of hypodynamia and domestic well-being, natural locomotions of children and adolescents do not ensure sufficient development of their CVS; moreover, a gap in the development of the CVS of sports reserve can keep on growing all the way to the stage of sport excellence, thus limiting physical working capacity. During intensive growth of adolescents, it is of particular importance to consider the CVS development indicators in terms of adaptation to changing body-weight ratio, hormonal changes in their body and increasing physical load.

Objective of the study was to substantiate and make an experimental evaluation of individualized endurance-building training controlled by hemodynamic tests in application to 15-17-year-old female racing skiers

Methods and structure of the study. Subject to the study were promising senior female racing skiers aged 15-17, selected to be trained for the 2017 Spartakiad based on the rating of the Cross-Country Skiing Federation of the Sverdlovsk Region (height 167±7.85 cm, weight 57±6.26 kg, IPC 47.9±4.29 ml/min/kg). The research was carried out in the scientific laboratory "Recovery and Selection Technologies in Sports" of UrFU in four stages from August, 2015, through September, 2016: prior to the special training stage in August, 2015, during the pre-season training for the Russian qualifying competitions in January, 2016, after the competitive season in April, 2016, and in September, 2016. The female athletes’ physical condition was analyzed by means of the hemodynamic monitoring device "Marg-10-01" (Microlux, Russia) during the active orthoclinostatic test. The data obtained were statistically processed using the STATISTICA 12.0 software toolkit and built-in analysis functionality of Microsoft Office Excel 2010.

Results and discussion. Our numerous studies of athletes of different ages and qualifications [1-4] showed the age-specific norms of the most significant hemodynamic test rates, which can serve as the target parameters of training activity (Table 1) in endurance sports.

Table 1. The range of hemodynamic test rates characterizing the level of development of overall endurance in the female racing skiers of 15-17 years of age

Note:  ΔHR – changes in HR with changing body position; SVI – stroke volume index, EDI – end-diastolic index, ΔSVI and ΔEDI – changes in SVI and EDI, respectively, with changing body position.

It is known that medical research reports are based on the indices registered in athletes in a prone position [2]. However, in most sports, competitive activity requires an orthostatic posture. Often, athletes’ CVS potentialities in the horizontal position are deemed normal or even high for sports activity, however, when changing to the vertical position the hemodynamic test rates significantly decrease, which indicates e thinsufficient adaptation of the CVS to the orthostatic posture. Therefore, when analyzing the athletes' hemodynamic test rates during the active orthoclinostatic test, our attention was focused on the state of the CVS in three positions: (1) supine, (2) standing, (3) supine.

The analysis of the female athletes’ hemodynamic test rates at the beginning of the study revealed marked CVS developmental features in the female racing skiers of 15-17 years of age, members of the Sverdlovsk team having the sports qualifications of CMS and I sports category: average HR at rest (55.7±9.5 bpm) - below the age norm; EDV (154±17.2 ml), SV (96.3±12.4 ml) and, EDI (97.7±7.7 ml/cm²) and SVI (61.3±6.1 ml/cm²), respectively - above the age norm; response to the orthostatic load (ΔHR _{positions 1-2} - 14.5±7 bpm) - satisfactory; changes in HR in the orthoclinostatic test (ΔHR _{positions 1-3} - 0.29±1.8 bpm) - good; ejection fraction (62±1.91%) and inotropy (26.4±12.1) - within the physiological and age norms.

Alongside with the good mean-group values of the female racing skiers, we also found individual characteristics of the CVS development. To correct the female athletes’ condition, we selected the factors limiting overall endurance and offered practical recommendations to minimize them (Table 2).

Table 2. Ways to improve hemodynamic test rates limiting athletes’ overall endurance

The dynamics of changes in the mean values ​​of the hemodynamic status of the female athletes within a macrocycle (Table 3) indicates that the hemodynamic test rates, and therefore the internal systems of the body, do not change a lot due to physiological maturation, as due to the training process orientation: pre-season and, primarily, season training activity from August to April is reflected in the normal values of ΔHR _{positions 1-3}, which characterizes the level of functional fitness; basic workout from April to September leading to the positive shifts in the CVS development, which is reflected in the values of ΔHR _{positions 1-2}, SVI _{position 2} and EDI _{position 2}. In addition, a decrease in the ΔSVI _{position 1-2} and ΔEDI _{positions 1-2} values at the 4th stage of the study suggests that intensive growth of the majority of participants is finished.

Table 3. The dynamics of changes in the mean hemodynamic test rates of the female racing skiers (n=8) throughout the study

The dynamics of changes in the individual indicators makes it possible to more accurately assess the athletes’ physical condition and level of biological development, as well as the positive and negative effects of the training process. To make an individual evaluation of the CVS performance level, we determined the number of hemodynamic indicators corresponding to the norm, high and low levels in each female athlete according to Table. 1. Based on these data, we created personal histograms (Figure 1) for each stage of the study.

Fig. 1. Changes in the CVS indicators of the female racing skiers of 15-17 years of age with a macrocycle

The positive dynamics in the CVS indices in Athlete 1 is confirmed by the competitive activity results, which indicates a pertinent training method and its competent implementation. Variations in the hemodynamic test rates of Athlete 2 within a macrocycle may indicate methodological mistakes made during the training process. During the competitions, Athlete 2 was both successful and frankly unsuccessful during the ski races in terms of her good functional potential. The results demonstrated by Athletes 3 indicate that her body is at the stage of active growth, which is confirmed by her anthropometric indicators. The athlete’s internal systems do not have time to adapt to the body growth. Therefore, these age-specific features should be considered when designing the training process: not to speed up training, develop the CVS gradually and systematically and only after its adaptation to its growth (having reached the normal values of ​​ΔSVI _{positions 1-2} and ΔEDI _{positions 1-2}), include training loads to promote adaptation of the body to competitive activities.

The study identified the possibility to build the training process in accordance with the physical condition of each female athlete and ensure the CVS effective adaptation during their intensive growth, as well as stability during competitions.

Conclusions:

• The training process of the female athletes of 15-17 years of age should be based not so much on their qualification or competitive rating as on the current level of development of the internal systems of the body, which can be determined during the hemodynamic tests.
• In ski racing, competitive activities are performed in the standing position, and therefore, the orthostatic test results are important for the training process individualizing and adjustment
• The staged hemodynamic tests were found beneficial for the individualized endurance-building training system in application to the 15-17 year-old female racing skiers during their intensive growth; with the hemodynamic test data being applied to rate the individual limiting factors and determine the training method to eliminate them.

The work was carried out with the financial support from the Russian Federation Government Resolution  No. 211, Contract No. 02.A03.21.0006.

References

1. Shishkina A.V. Monitoring gemodinamiki kvalifitsirovannykh sportsmenov: kriterii sportivnoy uspeshnosti [Monitoring of hemodynamics of skilled athletes: criteria for athletic success]. Materialy I mezhdunar. foruma ‘Ekstremalnaya meditsina i biologiya. Investitsionnye proekty Rossii’ [Proc. I intern. forum ‘Extreme medicine and biology. Investment projects in Russia’]. St. Petersburg, 2013, pp. 46-48.
2. Belotserkovskiy Z.B. Ergometricheskie i kardiologicheskie kriterii fizicheskoy rabotosposobnosti u sportsmenov [Ergometric and cardiological criteria of athletes' physical working capacity]. Moscow: Sovetskiy sport publ.; 2009, 217 p.
3. Shishkina A., Tarbeeva N., Alimpieva O., Berdnikova A., Tarbeeva A., Miasnikova T. Hemodynamics Monitoring in Sport- Using Hemodinamics Monitor for Sport Training Planing. icSPORTS 2014: Proc. 2nd International Congress on Sports Sciences Research and Technology Support 2014; 103-110.
4. Zakharova A., Tarbeeva N., Tarbeeva A., Miasnikova T. Healthsaving Technologies for Young Cross Country Skiers: Cardiovascular System Testing for Sport Training Program Design. icSPORTS 2015: Proc. 3nd International Congress on Sports Sciences Research and Technology Support 2015; 139-144.

Corresponding author: sport_tsp@mail.ru

Abstract

The study was designed to analyze benefits of hemodynamic tests to control individualized endurance-building training process. The cardiovascular system (CVS) functionality of the skilled 15-17 year old female racing skiers (167±7.85cm tall, 57±6.26kg heavy, with maximum oxygen consumption averaging 47.9±4.29 ml/min/kg) was rated by hemodynamic orthoclinostatic tests. The study proved benefits of the hemodynamic tests in standing positions for the skilled female skiers’ training process individualizing and adjustment. The staged hemodynamic tests in the training macro-cycle were found beneficial for the individualized endurance-building training system in application to the 15-17 year-old female racing skiers; with the hemodynamic test data being applied to rate the individual limitations in the process and efficiently control the relevant corrective training effects.