Dr.Hab., Professor V.G. Nikitushkin¹
Dr.Hab., Professor V.P. Cherkashin²
Dr.Hab., Professor N.N. Chesnokov³
Dr.Hab., Professor S.N. Zuev^4
1Pedagogical Institute of Physical Culture and Sports under Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow
²Russian Olympic Committee, Moscow
³Physical culture and sports association "Moscow Youth", Moscow Sports and Tourism Department, Moscow
⁴Russian Customs Academy, Moscow

Keywords: active team sports, game exercises, functional capacities, functional cost, physical qualities, training tools.

Introduction. Analysis of the available literature and in-house study findings revealed that the principle of gradualness is often dropped during sprinter training, that a structural imperfection of the long-term training and abuse of the unidirectional training tools and methods of exercise performance take place at the initial stages of sports training [1-4]. This leads to the premature implementation of the young sprinters’ functional capacities, absence of progress in transiting to junior and adult teams. We assume that among the most important reasons for this is the lack of a unified approach of the specialists to the direction of the training process and physical training at the stages of the initial and in-depth sports specialization, as well as to the ratio of the non-specific training tools and a widespread training effect and strictly specified training tools at various stages of the long-term training. Special multi-year studies devoted to these issues in application to sprinters have never been conducted.

In connection with the above, it is necessary to study the appropriateness and effectiveness of the primary use of game tools and method of training at the stages of initial and in-depth sports specialization as being the most age-appropriate and suited to the 12-16 year-old children’s functional capacities.

Objective of the study was to develop a speed- and speed-strength-building method for the 12-16 year-old sprinters with application of active team sports and game exercises.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was performed in the period of 2012-2017 in the indoor and outdoor training conditions (stadiums, track-and-field arenas) and in laboratory, with more than 100 junior sprinters subject to the study. The functional cost of the basic training tools, games and game exercises was assessed by means of the analysis of the training programs for sprinters. The analysis of training loads was based on the primary focus of each training task. HR was used as a control value being fundamental for both a single training session, and a series of training sessions within a micro-, meso- and macrocycle. The actual HR values made it possible to size the possibilities of implementation of the training loads of planned intensity.

The amount and intensity of physical loads were determined complying with the following annual amount indicators. The education and training stage: HR below 175 bpm - 82-90%, HR of 176-180 bpm - 6-10%, HR of 181 bpm and above - 2-4%.

The study of the quantitative composition of the training loads performed by the junior athletes at the initial sports specialization stage implied the questionnaire survey of the coaches, which showed that the number of academic hours per week was within the range of 6-9; the number of training sessions per week - 3-5; the ratio of the training sections per annum (%) BC/SPT - 60/40 and 70/30; competitive activity - control competitions - 6-8, qualifying competitions - 1-2, official competitions - 1-2.

The study was based on the training and competitive loads in the form of the standard training tasks. The training tasks were divided into three groups: aerobic, aerobic-anaerobic and anaerobic. The selection and classification of the training tasks aimed to solve specific problems, performed by a junior sprinter in the process of sports training, made it possible to systematize different tasks and create a unified catalogue of the most popular training tasks.

In order to determine the functional cost of various exercises, we defined the training tasks with a specific focus on the tasks in hand and physiological effects on the body. They can be divided into three main groups of tasks:

1. Body conditioning and special physical training aimed to develop the necessary physical qualities and abilities.

2. Training tasks aimed to teach the technique of training and competitive exercises.

3. Competitive training consisting in the exercises performed in the competitive activity mode and conditions close to competitive ones.

The load intensity was evaluated by means of HR measured using a pulsometer.

After the initial warming-up, the subjects performed the exercises according to the guidelines developed for the actual training process. After which their HR was measured during the whole series of exercises, and then the optimal and average values ​​of each exercise were calculated. Thus, we obtained the experimental data, indicating the pulse cost of each exercise taken separately, a series of exercises, as well as game exercises and individual games.

However, the primary purpose of our work was to determine the functional cost of the basic training tools, game exercises and active sports depending on the intensity zones.

It is known that the main and overall purpose of training of junior athletes is to develop their physical qualities. With this aim in view, the athlete is to use a large number of the training tools designed to develop his speed, strength, endurance, flexibility and speed-strength qualities. We have to assume that at young age (12-16 y.o.) it makes sense to replace tedious monotonous training with the use of the standard training tools with games and game exercises. It is the fact that games and game exercises contribute to the simultaneous development of all physical qualities and increase motivation to training that initiated the current study.

In parallel, to determine the functional cost of various games and game exercises, we defined the training tasks with a specific focus on the tasks in hand and physiological effects on the body. They can also be divided into three main groups of tasks:

        1. Active sports.

        2. Team sports.

        3. Game exercises.

There was another task to solve during the research - to study the functioning specifics of the junior athletes’ body when they perform loads in the game training model versus the standard training systems. For this purpose, we measured their maximum HR values during exercise and the time to peak HR.

Results and discussion. The highest HR values were recorded during the game (196.7 bpm). During the interval and intermittent sprints it was 187.8 and 187.6 bpm, respectively. During the game children were somewhat faster (at the 7th minute) than during the interval and intermittent sprints (at the 10th minute), and their HR reached its maximum much faster. The highest individual HR value (203 bpm) was recorded during the game as well. During the interval and intermittent sprints it was 187 bpm.

In some cases, during the game, the maximum HR value was registered in the 4th minute, while during the interval and intermittent training sprints - in the 8th and 7th minutes.

The specific pulse cost of the exercise on HR, as well as the specific cost of recovery for the first 20 minutes after exercise, are higher in the game sports (182 and 117 bpm) versus the interval (182 and 114 bpm) and intermittent sprints (182 and 111 bpm).

Conclusion. In the game sports, adaptation to the training loads is more efficient than in the standard training systems. The junior athletes were tested to harder adapt to the interval and intermittent training sprints than to the same loads in the game training model, and as a consequence, they refused to repeat these loads at one training session.

Therefore, the game training model in the relevant training stage is more beneficial as verified by the junior sprinters’ progress in the key physical qualities building component. In this view, it is expedient to perform the game loads instead of the strictly regulated ones.

References

1. Geller E.M. K teoreticheskomu obosnovaniyu primeneniya podvizhnykh igr v podgotovke yunykh sportsmenov [Theoretical substantiation of mobile games used in junior athletes' training]. Mater. resp. nauch.-metod. konf. po problemam yunosheskogo sport i vysshego sportivnogo masterstva [Proc. rep. res.-method. conf. on the issues of youth and elite sports]. Chisinau: Kartya Moldovenyaske publ., 1976, pp. 90-91.
2. Liverova E.V. Igrovoy i sorevnovatelny metody fizicheskogo vospitaniya [Game-like and competitive methods of physical education]. Sport v shkole, 2003, no. 9, pp. 26-29.
3. Nikitushkin V.G. Mnogoletnyaya podgotovka yunykh sportsmenov [Long-term training in youth sports]. Moscow: Fizicheskaya kultura publ., 2010, 240 p.
4. Nikitushkin V.G., Germanov G.N., Kupchinov R.I. Metauchenie o vospitanii dvigatelnykh sposobnostey [Meta-study about development of motor abilities]. Voronezh: Elist publ., 2016, 506 p.

Corresponding author: vnikitushkin@mail.ru

Abstract

Active team sports are underemployed by the sport practices today albeit they deserve more attention. Moreover, they are still undervalued by many sport practitioners for a variety of reasons including their poor knowledge of potential training benefits of team sports; reservations as to the team sports efficiency; and inadequate experience in applying the relevant game tools. Objective of the study was to develop a speed- and speed-strength-building method for the 12-16 year-old sprinters with application of active team sports and game exercises. Applied for the study purposes were the following methods: analysis of the available literature on the subject; educational process tests; questionnaire survey; educational experiment; and standard mathematical methods of statistics. The study was performed in the period of 2012-2017 in the indoor and outdoor training conditions and in laboratory, with more than 100 junior sprinters being subject to the study.

The study data and analyses showed the bodily adaptation to the training loads being more efficient in the game sports versus the standard training systems. The junior athletes were tested, for instance, to harder adapt to the interval and intermittent training sprints than to the same loads in the game training model. Therefore, the study proved benefits of the game training model at the relevant training stage as verified by the junior sprinters’ progress in the key physical qualities building component.