Associate Professor, PhD A.A. Povzun¹
Associate Professor, PhD V.V. Apokin¹
Dr.Hab., Professor V.D. Povzun¹
Postgraduate N.R. Usaeva^1
1Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: biological rhythm, chronobiological analysis, adaptability, physical loads.

Introduction. For successful management of the training process of today it is necessary to organize it in such a way that would not only ensure a maximum effect with a minimum spending of both time and money, but also could be implemented without affecting athletes’ health [16]. This goal can be successfully achieved only basing on precise knowledge of the body condition and the nature of its exposure to training loads [9], so management efficiency is directly dependent on receiving reliable, complete and timely information about the athlete [5]. One of the most affordable integrated approaches to obtaining such information is to use biorhythmological laws to predict the state of the body in extreme conditions [8]. The issue of circadian rhythms control can be very important in sports, both for individualization of the training process and for predicting the functional status, and this control should take place throughout the sports career [7]. University education plays an important role here [14].

Biological rhythms of the human body are one of the most important mechanisms of adapting to the environment, on the one hand, and are seen as a universal criterion of both functional and adaptive body states, on the other [13]. In addition, the process of adapting to muscle activity is the most studied one in biorhythmological sense [17].

With this in mind, the issue of individual organization of biological rhythms of athletes who do not only do sports actively but also experience regular, which is important rhythm wise, intellectual academic loads, is of special interest [2, 16]. Given the northern latitudes where female athletes are living and training, the issue becomes not just relevant, but above all requires understanding of the effects [4, 15]. Chronobiological studies are also of particular relevance since a growing body is most susceptible to damaging effects and primarily responds by rhythmostasis changes [11]. Biological rhythms, in particular circadian ones, are the most informative, accessible for analysis and sensitive indicators of adaptive capabilities of the body [12].

Objective of the research was to assess female skiers’ adaptive capability variations on a seasonal basis.

Research methods and structure. In order to assess changes in adaptive capability of the body taking place under regular physical loads, in this research we studied the structures and compared seasonal changes in circadian rhythms of some physiological parameters of a group of female students of the Physical Education department of Surgut State University that are actively engaged in skiing. The study was carried out from a chronobiological standpoint 4 times a day: at 8 am, 12 pm, 4 pm and 8 pm. The research was conducted in autumn and spring, the following parameters were measured: body temperature (^оС), HR – heart rate (beats/min), SBP – systolic blood pressure (mmHg), DBP – diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), RR – respiratory rate, LC – lung capacity (ml), HGS – hand grip strength (kg), IM – individual minute (s). The following parameters were calculated based on the obtained data: PP – pulse pressure (PP = SBP – DBP mmHg), ADAP – average dynamic arterial pressure (ADAP = 0.42(SBP-DBP) + DBP mmHg), SO – systolic output (SO = 100 + 0.5(SBP-DBP) – 0.6DBP – 0.6A (ml), “A” stands for “age”), BV – blood volume (BV = SO x HR ml/min). The obtained data were subjected to the standard mathematical processing using the FARS software application [3]. Daily average value (mesor), rhythm amplitude, time of the maximum of the rhythm (acrophase) and peak-to-peak value (chronodesm) were assessed.

Results and discussion. The results of measurements of physiological parameters of female students of the Physical Education Department studied from a chronobiological standpoint are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Characteristics of the circadian organization of basic physiological parameters of female students of the Physical Education department in autumn and spring 

Circadian rhythms acrophases of the cardiovascular system in this group are inconsistent and in autumn mainly occur in the evening (except for pulse pressure and systolic discharge that reach their peak in the morning hours). A shift of the peak values of some parameters to earlier time is observed in spring, which leads to an even more significant inconsistency of the parameter time-wise. Peak-to-peak value (chronodesm) of all the cardiovascular parameters decreases in spring. The same happens to the amplitude which is not a good sign. Blood volume is an exception, its amplitude remains almost unchanged.    

Comparison in terms of mesor revealed some fluctuations of daily average values of the cardiovascular system, and despite the fact that the magnitude of these fluctuations is insignificant, the lack of consistency in their direction is disturbing. For example, indicators characterizing the contractile function of the cardiac muscle increase seasonally, and those characterizing blood pressure decrease. This may indicate the presence of additional external factors that have a significant impact on the cardiovascular system to which it is forced to adapt, and that affects the rhythm. Regular exercise may well serve as this factor.

No seasonal changes were observed in the circadian organization of external respiration of female students. Acrophases remain unchanged, daily average values change insignificantly. Constant LC amplitude and even a slight increase in its daily average value suggest that the external respiration function remains stable. However, a decrease in the amplitude and respiratory rate in spring may indicate a certain decrease in the adaptive capability of the external respiration system.   Inconsistency of RR and LC acrophases also indicates some internal strain of the respiratory system. 

Rhythms of body temperature, hand grip strength and individual minute were generally most stable. The peak values of all the assessed parameters are recorded at one and the same time, in the evening, i.e. there is no rhythm inconsistency of these parameters time-wise. Mesors of the studied parameters remain practically unchanged in different seasons, which also characterizes the rhythm stability. Only daily average deviations change significantly, and amplitudes of the indicators decrease considerably in spring. It is only the deviation of the individual minute daily average value that remains practically unchanged, and therefore physical loads have almost no significant impact on the structure ensuring internal (endogenous) rhythm organization in our group. Some of their strain observed in spring is most likely due to the intensification of the studies in which students doing winter sports experience additional workload in spring, and that causes a lot of emotional stress. 

Conclusion. The significant seasonal decline in the amplitudes of the body temperature, hand grip strength, respiratory rate and almost all of the studied parameters of the cardiovascular system observed in the sports group indicates a considerable decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the female athletes’ bodies in spring. The most complex seasonal changes are observed in the circadian rhythm organization structure of the cardiovascular system, indicating a serious strain in its operation, functional reserves and adaptive capabilities decline by spring time and desynchronosis development. Physical loads serve as an important reason for this decline in both functional and adaptive capabilities [10].

Based on the study findings as to the circadian structure of the physiological rates, a researcher may assess the impacts of regular physical loads on the body adaptive capability and use them as the athlete’s functionality criterion. The data obtained can be used for correction of the training and rehabilitation processes in order to improve athletic performance and increase the body’s adaptive capabilities of both healthy people and those with health conditions.

References

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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru

Abstract

The study makes an attempt to assess, based on the seasonal variation tests of the daily rhythms of the blood circulation and respiration rates, metabolic rates, physical and intellectual abilities, and the female skiers’ adaptive capability variations on a seasonal basis. Based on the study findings as to the circadian structure of the physiological rates, a researcher may assess the impacts of regular physical loads on the body's adaptive capability and use them as the athlete’s functionality criterion.