E.S. Tsygankov, Honored trainer of the RF, Honored scientist of the RF, professor, Dr.Hab. 
G.I. Shulik, Honored trainer of the RSFSR, associate professor
Russian state university of physical culture, sport, youth and tourism, Moscow

Key words: motorcycling, classification of motorcycling subjects, speed motorcycling subjects.

Relevance of the study. In the context of constant enhancement of sport technical characteristics and increase of the level of sport education in the country improvement of the training system of athletes engaged in speed disciplines requires modern educational programs providing due classification of speed subjects [1].

The purpose of the study was to systemize speed motorcycling subjects.

Materials and methods. Every sport of the 46 sports subjects from the State Register of Sports in Russia (SRSR) and ones not included in the Register associated with attainment of maximum speed: cross, track, long track and road racing, need special attention.

Cross racing includes motocross, supercross, cross-country, sidecar motocross, ATV-cross and snowmobile cross.

Motocross - a speed subject, it is held on enclosed off-road circuits. High cardiac rate when passing a motocross track (170-180 bpm) specific for experienced athletes indicates to static work of certain grounds of muscles, execution of numerous moves with the risk of injury and high stress.

Track racing is made of speedway, ice speedway, short track speed skating, long track racing, grass track racing, sidecar long and grass track racing.

Ice speedway – a speed subject with the use of motorcycles with studded tires for racing on ice tracks. Russian racers were the winners 39 times in 46 world championships: N. Krasnikov – 8 times, G. Kadyrov – 6 times, S. Taraban’ko – 4 times.

Long track racing: record-setting runs, sidecar motorcycle record-breaking runs, dragracing and unimoto. “Speed” is the most traceable quality here with its interpretations in the specifics of motor responses and speed of single movements. The first absolute world speed record, 49 km/h, was held in 1898 by tricyclist V. Regal (France) and in 2011 by motorcyclist Bill Warner (USA) hitting 502 km/h to set a new absolute world speed record.    

Dragracing is a start over a 402-m distance. It was first heard in the 30-s of XX century. The annual International Drag racing championship is held in the USA and includes 24 stages [2].

Road racing sport is made of such subjects as MotoGP, Superbike, Supersport, sidecar racing. The road racing championship was first held in 1907 in Great Britain, the first World championship - in 1949. The annual European championship is organized in different countries by European Motorcycle Union (UEM) and is made of 10 phases. The competitions are held on closed-circuit paved road racing tracks.

The approved by FIM tracks for road racing world championships are: MoscowRaceway (Russia), Assen (Netherlands), Brno (Chech Republic)…One of specific features of the technique of cornering driving in modern closed-circuit road racing is shown on Fig. 4: the lean angle of the motorcycles is near-critical, racers are in a reclining posture both for better aerodynamics of the “racer-motorcycle” system and to increase the “vehicle – man” surface contact area.                                                                                                      

Fig. 1. Motocross riders (category A1) going into a corner with the right foot off the step for self-safety   

Fig. 2. Cornering technique in ice racing requires from athlete ultimate concentration when making necessary motor and control actions due to the limit angle of the motorcycle (up to 680) and speed of runs

Fig. 3. A special backstop in the rear part of the motorcycle prevents it from roll-over when accelerating

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5. Classification of speed motorcycling subjects

Russian road racing championship is held in several phases on the tracks of the Moscow region, Nizhny Novgorod, the Smolensk region and Kazan.

Conclusions          

1. The analysis of the State Register of Sports of Russia and the motorcycling subjects not included in it promoted allocation of 4 kinds of speed subjects.

2. The worked classification of speed subjects contains kinds and names of motorcycling subjects and vehicle technical specifications.

References

1. Tsygankov, E.G. Applied vocational motorcycling disciplines / E.G. Tsygankov, G.I. Shulik // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2013. – № 3 – P. 78–83. (In Russian)
2. Retrieved from: http://www.minsport.gov.ru/sport/high-sport/Vrvs.xls;
3. Retrieved from: http://www.gibdd.ru/info/stat/;http://www.vcvvm.vistcom.ru/about.html;
4. Retrieved from: Retrieved from: http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/«статья5667900»

 Author’s contacts: е-mail: chgriv46@mail.ru; ph.: +7-495-5052535; +7-495-7982487