Associate professor, Ph.D. V.V. Apokin¹
Ph.D., professor A.A. Povzun¹
Dr.Hab., professor V.D. Povzun¹
Postgraduate N.R. Usaeva^1
1Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: biorhythm, chronobiological analysis, adaptive response, exercise.

Introduction. We have already noted on numerous occasions that it is necessary and important to control the processes of adaptation of the body of athletes, and, of course, it is relevant up to now [6, 7, 11]. Strenuous exercise and intense emotional stress athletes are subject to can cause pronounced physiological changes in the body, and the "physiological cost" of big success in sport can be reduction of the body's adaptive capabilities. These issues are of particular concern in relation to junior athletes, as a growing body is most sensitive to the damaging effects and, primarily, responds to the rhythmostasis changes [7, 14]. Such problems become the most pressing in the conditions of standard time offset, when, besides changing climatic geographic conditions, the body is also affected by the consequences of latitudinal relocation across several time zones, which undoubtedly has an impact on their functional and adaptive capabilities [8]. This issue becomes not only relevant but, first and foremost, requires understanding of the consequences [2] for athletes residing and training in the conditions of the northern latitudes. Thus, basing on the analysis of changes in biorhythms, which to a large extent characterizes the state of reserve capacities of the body, we tried to assess the state of adaptive capabilities of the body of athletes including elite ones, living in the Middle Ob region [12], and we found that, despite the high level of functional performance and sport skills, these adaptive capabilities, and hence “health reserve”, remain at the level which is not truly high, unfortunately.

 Comparing changes in the biorhythm structure of the cardiovascular system characteristics and the results of the analysis of the dynamics of parameters of the human body state vector (HBSV) in a 4-dimensional phase space by the state of the cardiovascular system [16] in junior athletes in the conditions of standard time offset, we have already tried to find out the reasons for the change in the major vector parameter. However, neither the analysis of the biorhythm directly [13], nor assessment of the changes in the coefficients of non-specific adaptive capability [5], we failed to observe any significant changes in the state of the functional and adaptive capabilities of the body of young athletes that could explain this change. In any case, the flight was not the reason [3]. Continuing pursuing answers to this question, we attempted to evaluate the peculiarities of the response of the cardiovascular system of young male athletes, as gender differences of this response could be quite significant [9, 10].

Objective of the study was to analyze the effect of standard time shifts on the state of adaptive capabilities of the body of male athletes, residing and training in the conditions of the Khanty­Mansi Autonomous Region, after the flight through several time zones.

Materials and methods. Physiological parameters were measured in 33 athletes of 16­18 years of age, specializing in speed-strength (sprint) kinds of athletics. The logic and technique of measurement are specified in this paper [13]. The obtained data were subject to standard mathematical processing with the use of the FARS software application [4]. The estimated parameters included daily average (mesor), rhythm amplitude, timing of overall high values of the function (acrophase) and peak-to-peak value (chronodesm).

Results and discussion. The obtained results are presented in Tables 1-2. These are the stage results received during the flight and stay that are directly relevant to the discussion, since the rest of the data do not differ significantly from the presented ones.

Table 1. Change in circadian organization of daily averages (mesors)

Table 2. Change in circadian organization of amplitudes

First of all, it should be emphasized that all of the major trends in the changes of the indicators and the biorhythm structure remained the same. There was no significant changes in the mesor values ​ at all, and all fluctuations were almost within the statistical error. That is, the body's functional capabilities of athletes remain unchanged not only during their stay, but also during the flight, which means that the load of 3 hour standard time offset is not significant for the young body, which is not always the case [1, 11]. In addition, desynchronization of biorhythms and adaptive reorganization, typical during flights, are observed and seen in the changes in the amplitude values.

However, the whole situation is alarming due to if not pathologically but yet maximum allowable high mesor-pulse pressure, which most likely conforms to the exercise conditions rather than to the state of rest, under which the measurements were taken. This value is stably high throughout the entire stay and is not a reaction to the flight, as it remains high both before and after the training camps. Moreover, PP is determined only by the low value of DBP, which in itself is not clear, since in the conditions of moderate sympathicotonia, expressed in the Kerdo index, the vascular tone (blood vessels largely determine the diastolic blood pressure level) cannot be reduced, and blood vessels are relaxed.

In itself, the diastolic blood pressure reduction in response to exercise is a normal reaction of the athlete's body, that provides an increase in the blood flow without increasing the stress on the heart. Yet, in our case it is not a reaction, but a state that cannot be considered satisfactory, because, first, it occurs at rest, and, second, an increase in the pulse pressure should be accompanied by an increase in the cardiac output, which we do not observe as the SV and CO indices were within the physiological norm, and hence high pulse pressure is caused by some other reasons. Finding these reasons is a separate problem.

Conclusion. We assume that hemodynamic and possibly regulatory (which are defined as a change of the key parameter of the LF order, showing the activity of the sympathetic centers of the oblongata [16]) adjustments take place under strenuous exercises, which are inevitable in the conditions of a training camp. The question is whether those really are the realization of urgent adaptation to ever-changing conditions.

Of course, on the one hand, this situation with the pulse pressure is not critical, since all other hemodynamic indices are within the physiological norm, and no serious deterioration of the biorhythms in the conditions of standard time offset or changes in the climatic geographic conditions are observed  [13]. And these changes, as our studies show, are a quite serious factor [7, 10].

However, on the other hand, the rhythmological analysis in a greater degree reflects the adaptive reserve of the body, which is in the norm in the examined group. But at the same time the functional capacities of the cardiovascular system can be relaxed, as evidenced, according to some reports, by the increase in the pulse pressure that we observed [15]. Since the pulse pressure is indirectly determined by the ratio of the stroke volume to the reserve capacity of the arterial system, we can assume that, unable to relax the heart muscle and increase the systolic volume for some reason, the body tries to increase the blood flow by means of reflex decrease in the peripheral resistance, which normally leads to the weakening of the cardiac function which provides the necessary blood flow and capillary pressure. The only problem is that normally the distribution of hemodynamic load is determined by the local hetero- and homeometric types of cardiac output regulation, and does not affect the central regulatory mechanisms. And so, we have reasons to believe that the heart of young males is at least subject to load, which does not conform to its functional capacities. However, a functional analysis of the cardiovascular system of the young athletes is required for a more detailed interpretation of the reasons.

References

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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru

Abstract

The researchers applied the biorhythmological approach to estimate the effect of standard time shifts on the state of body's adaptive capabilities of male athletes, residing and training in the conditions of the Khanty­Mansi Autonomous District, after the flight through several time zones. Physiological parameters were measured in 33 athletes of 16­18 years of age, specializing in sprint kinds of athletics. All of them were the members of the KhMAR­Yugra team and had I­II sports categories. All of them were flying from Surgut to the area of Kislovodsk at the same time as part of the general preparatory phase of the training camp and stayed there for 21 days.

The authors suggest that hemodynamic and possibly regulatory (which are defined as a change of the key parameter of the LF order, showing the activity of the sympathetic centers of the oblongata) adjustments take place at strenuous physical loads, which are inevitable in a training camp.