Ph.D., Associate Professor O.A. Maksimova
G.G. Gorokhov
A.V. Gur'eva
V.V. Lapteva
Institute of Physical Culture and Sport of North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk

Keywords: intensity, training load, climatic conditions.

Introduction. The growth of sports results in athletics, and particularly in sprint, largely depends on the efficient distribution of training and competitive loads at different training stages [3]. In the studies of recent years, the approach related to the concentration of training loads with different preferential orientation at certain training stages is considered one of the rational ways of organizing training load within the annual cycle [2]. Lately, long-distance race and ultramarathon have been rapidly developing in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). At these distances, our athletes go global. There is a significant difference in the growth of sports results in sprint, and based on the competent sources, we can say that sports results in sprint remain almost unchanged [4]. Therefore, sprint requires attention from trainers, in particular to such a problem as the proper distribution of the volume and intensity of training load in the preparatory period. Today, the issues of improving the athletics training process in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are relevant, but insufficiently studied [9]. The current, ever increasing competition in each sport, including sprint, makes trainers and experts, involved in the athletes' training, search for the new methods and tools of planning, as well as the new ways of controlling the training process [1].

Sprint training in conditions of Yakutia requires from sprinters extreme endurance, attention, caution and patience, as in our part of the world winter lasts up to seven months, and the low temperature of -40 -50 holds steady for about three months [9].

Analyzing the people's life conditions in the North in general, it should be noted that there is a considerable body of research works on the development of the North. [9] Most studies highlight the negative effects of climatic and meteorological factors on the health of the northern residents. The following is a list of negative changes occurring in the human body in the Far North:

1. Reduced arterial blood pressure in winter.           
2. Reduced excitability of the respiratory center and cardiovascular system.
3. Reduced pulmonary velocity.
4. Significant seasonal fluctuations in accordance with the excitatory and inhibitory processes occurring in the cerebral cortex under the influence of the polar day and night.
5. Frequent disturbances and changes in the dynamic stereotype of the central nervous system due to the alternation of the day- and night-time of the year.
6. Reduced values of cevitamic acid in the urine, blood and breast milk.
7. P, D, C, A vitamin deficiency.
8. Ultraviolet irradiation hypersensitivity.
9. Reduction of the platelet count, red blood cell count and HB level in blood.
10. A relatively low level of systemic immunity.

However, the severe climatic conditions typical for the Far North have also a positive effect on the human body. For instance, it has been found that during the cold months the level of basal metabolism increases. Owing to this, it has been established that food is consumed more efficiently in the process of metabolism. In addition, we have detected a decrease in the incidence of cold-related diseases in the Far North, and an increase in the vascular response of the limbs and open areas of the body under the influence of cold. Besides, the natives of Yakutia have been observed to have higher oxygen index. More oxygen is taken in from each liter of air inhaled per minute, which contributes to better oxygen supply of all the body tissues, including the working muscles [9].

The purpose of the study was to scientifically substantiate the volume and intensity of training load in competitive sprinters in pre-season training sessions in the Far North.

Materials and methods. The climatic conditions of the Far Northern regions are significantly different from those of Central Russia. What is most remarkable in the climatic conditions of Yakutia is that during winter frosts the main stage of the training process takes place indoors, as the average air temperature reaches -40 -50 C⁰. Training sessions in summer stadiums are conducted only starting from the end of April till October of the calendar year [5]. Despite all this, athletic performance is improving year after year, compared to previous years, and the records set by the previous runners are bettered. It is impossible to use and apply indoors such loads as running uphill, jumping uphill, running in a straight line to accelerate for over 80 m [9]. 

The research was conducted at the premises of the Institute of Physical Culture and Sport of North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov. Based on the experiment, we determined the general area of work, defined the degree of relevance of the topic, developed the research program. Relying on the specialized literature, we studied the contemporary concepts of the training cycles and stages of competitive runners, specializing in sprint [5]. This phase of the experiment resulted in the development of pilot training programs that would help realize various methodological approaches to wise planning of training and competitive activities of our athletes, and achievement of the best results in sprint [7]. Two groups were formed: study and reference ones, 10 (ten) people each. This phase lasted from 2008 to 2009. The mean age of athletes in each group was 19 years. In general, the examined athletes were engaged in track and field athletics for 4-5 years on the average. They had 1st-2nd sports categories. Special selection of subjects was not applied. Having formed two groups, we developed the training technology with due regard to the athletes' physical fitness and individual characteristics and in accordance with the identified gaps in the training process. Additional speed-strength exercises were selected, too. This technology was used in training of athletes from the study group throughout the year.

Results and discussion. Athletes, who delve into the performed load, irrespective of the phase of the training process, are more prone to analysis and self-education both in terms of theory and tactics. In practice, these athletes achieve the set goals, their sports results increase fast and steadily. Young people accustomed to such requirements keep doing the chosen sport for a long time, steadily, responsibly, persistently and accurately. Moreover, the development of speed-strength qualities results in: strengthening of the musculo-articular system, which is crucial when performing heavy loads; enhancement of energy capacities (aerobic, anaerobic glycolytic, anaerobic alactic performance); increased tolerance to stress; most crucially, changes in the personal and mental quality. Our study does not exhaust all the issues related to the research on the planning of sprint training load.

The comparison of the test results obtained in the study and reference groups reveals that the introduction of additional exercises in the pre-season training process for runners, specializing in sprint, contributes to rapid and stable growth of their sports results. Here, it is extremely important to alter the exercises and individual approach to each athlete. Experience, as well as research works in the field of physical education, have shown that sprint is one of the most traumatic sports.

Conclusion. During the educational experiment we have found that the use of additional exercises in the pre-season training process of sprinters is quite effective. This is warranted by the following factors: relatively higher and more stable growth of sports results in the study group; insignificant and, above all, unstable but growth of sports results in the reference group.

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