Postgraduate student E.P. Kudrin
Master Duro-Daini Daniel Adeyemi
Y.I. Yakovlev
S.K. Nikolaev
Institute of Physical Culture and Sport of North-Eastern Federal University named after M.K. Ammosov, Yakutsk

Keywords: mas-wrestling, techniques and actions, evaluation, evaluation criteria, vertical row machine.

Introduction

Technical skill mastering is considered a key element of any athletic training system. Sport training process on the whole may be viewed as a complex and multisided progress designed as a sequence of closely interconnected sport mastering and excelling stages, with the relevant didactic biomechanics playing one of the central roles [7, 8]. High technical skill mastering process crowns and integrates all other training components and largely determines strategies of the applied training system in every stage of the sport skill excellence process [6]. It is the skillful motor action manifesting itself a special physical practice or an integrated set of practices focused on success in competitions that may be considered a final product of the technical conditioning process.

Effectiveness of such motor action is largely dependent on how perfect is the mastered motor skill performance technique of the athlete. Some parameters of the skill performance technique may be evaluated using a variety of biomechanical data followed by the data analysis that can be helpful for the researcher striving to objectively assess the motor skill performance technique of an athlete [2]. It is the comparisons of the individual technique-specific parameters with that of the other athletes or with model action data that give the means to assess the progress if any and detect the trends in the sport technique mastering process; in addition, the data generated in such studies may help adjust the training process elements and even formulate the process strategies.

Technical skills assessments is based on valuations of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the individual action performance technique both in competitive and training practices. The performance technique may be monitored and studied by visual means and special instruments. Technical skill mastering criteria may be generated based on the technique quantification data (counts of actions), technique versatility-specific data (degree of diversity of motor actions) and technique effectiveness data (sport success related values). In swimming, rowing, skiing and skating sports, for instance, the technique effectiveness may be rated by measurements of the stride/ stroke length. In game sports, technical skills may be assessed based on the counts of the effective offensive/ defensive actions and successful actions in the specific sequence of attempts. The training team anyway needs to assess the technical skill mastering level at some stage of the technique training process. And it is the stability of the results and certain levels of the biometric performance indicators achieved by the tested athlete that gives the grounds to consider the technique being duly mastered [9].

As things now stand, sport science offers no special standard formula or test exercises to objectively assess technical action levels in the traditional mas-wrestling sport. The mas-wrestling sport has developed its practical set of technical actions defined by informal terms like “ushnitsky”, “reverse grip rows”, “alternating arm pulls”, “wrench”, “twisting pulls”, “pulls with grip change”, “step-ups”, “steps”, “seated rows”, “standing rows” etc.

Mas-wrestling community now widely applies a training device that is informally called “low pulley-row” machine, as no formal title has been recognized for the device as yet. Some people call it “pulley-row”, “low row” or “vertical pulley row”. Let us call it herein “vertical row machine” and omit the issue of the right name for the trainer system. It may be more important to mention that the simulator and its effects on the body have not been thoroughly studied so far. There are only a few overviews of the simulator design and application basics. Its design, for instance, was discussed by V.N. Longinov in his article “Stato-dynamic simulator applied for special athletic training in mas-wrestling (handle pulling) sport” (2004) where the research team offered an additional spring to the system design to increase the static load [5]. M.I. Borokhin, PhD, Head of Research Chair under Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, in his work of 2010 describes the seated row machine application in the general conditioning course for university students [1].

E.P. Kudrin, senior teacher and post-graduate of Institute of Physical Culture and Sport under North-Eastern Federal University makes a conclusion in his work that the vertical row machine gives the means to master certain technical skills; step up the general, special and physical fitness levels; and is beneficial for the technical mas-wrestling skills mastering applications. As far as the technical aspects are concerned, the simulator helps master the following techniques: “movement on the support board”, “ushnitsky hold counteractions”, “reverse grip rows”, “alternating arm rows” combined with steps and side bents, plus counter bents (“tokhuisuu”), step-ups (“okhsuu”), and straight or bent-over rowing in “seated row” and “standing row” positions. In terms of individual tactics improvement, the system helps combine and perform 2-3 technical actions at a time in harmonic sequence. The system gives the means to develop and improve athlete's general physical qualities including strength, speed, endurance, flexibility and coordination of movements. Moreover, it helps develop and step up a variety of special physical qualities of importance in mas-wrestling – like dynamic strength, static endurance etc. [3, 4].

The purpose of the study was to develop a set of mas-wrestling offensive technique assessment criteria using the vertical row machine in application to beginner athletes.

Materials and methods

For the purposes of mas-wrestling technical skill assessment, we used the vertical row machine in the following way: the athlete was to perform offensive actions in a variety of standard holds including “standing rows”, “ushnitsky”, “reverse rows”, “step-ups” and “movement along the support board” with the handle (“mas”) being kept at the middle of the board. The offensive actions in the tests were limited by 10 seconds – in view of the fact that mas-wrestling bouts are estimated to take only 7.7 seconds on average, so the timeframe of 10 seconds is quite comfortable.

Class 1 and Candidates for Master of Sport of the Sakha (Yakutiya) Republic with at most 3 year-long experience of formal mas-wrestling practices and competitions were examined. Based on skill classes and weight the athletes were split up into the following three groups: 1 Candidate for Master of Sport and 9 Class 1 Athletes up to 70 kg; 3 Candidates for Master of Sport and 7 Class 1 Athletes up to 80 kg; and 4 Candidates for Master of Sport and 6 Class 1 Athletes up to 90 kg.

At the onset of the tests, we measured the maximum pull strength rates of the subject athletes using the vertical row machine. Then we set the simulator load rate at 70% of the above maximum for “standing rows”; 50% load rate for “step-ups” and “movement along the support board” actions; and 30% load rate for the “ushintsky” and “reverse grip rows”. It should be mentioned in this context that the “ushintsky” and “reverse grip row” performance criteria were assessed using a special device that still needs a standard formal name to be offered. The device is designed as a test board with a rest, hinge, rod and handle.

Study results

Based on the findings and data analysis, we have obtained the following average mas-wrestling technique performance criteria:

Group under 70 kg: “Standing rows” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 5.1 times. “Reverse grip rows” with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 10.1 times. “Ushnitsky” action with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 9.6 times. “Step-ups” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 13.6 times. And the “movement along the support board” action with the machine load rated at 50% of the maximum pull rate: 5.5 times.

Group under 80 kg: “Standing rows” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 4.75 times. “Reverse grip rows” with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 11.5 times. “Ushnitsky” action with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 11.5 times. “Step-ups” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 13 times. And the “movement along the support board” action with the machine load rated at 50% of the maximum pull rate: 5.9 times.

Group under 90 kg: “Standing rows” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 6 times. “Reverse grip rows” with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 10.5 times. “Ushnitsky” action with the machine load rated at 30% of the maximum pull rate: 11.5 times. “Step-ups” with the machine load rated at 70% of the maximum pull rate: 7.5 times. And the “movement along the support board” action with the simulator load rated at 50% of the maximum pull rate: 6.5 times.

Based on the above findings, we would recommend the following frame criteria to assess the mas-wrestling offensive technique performance by the beginner athletes (Table 1 hereunder).

Table 1

Conclusion

We understand that the study data and findings presented herein should be considered a preliminary framework for further research and tests needed to thoroughly explore the technical skills mastering process in every aspect.

References

1. Borokhin, M.I. Metodika ispol'zovaniya dvigatel'nykh sredstv korennykh narodov Yakutii v fizicheskom vospitanii studentov: metod. rekom. (Technique of using motor techniques of indigenous peoples of Yakutia in physical education of students: method. recomm.) / M.I. Borokhin, Yakut state university. – 2010. – P. 49–51.
2. Kudrin, E.P. Issledovanie trenazhera mas-restlerov «nizhnyaya tyaga» (Research of "vertical row machine" for mas-wrestlers) / E.P. Kudrin, I.A. Cherkashin // Ammosov-2014: mater. sb. Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Ammosov-2014: Proc. All-Rus. theor.-practical. conf.) - Yakutsk, NEFU named after M.K. Ammosov). – Kirov, 2014. – P. 730–736.
3. Kudrin, E.P. Ispol'zovanie trenazhera «nizhnyaya tyaga» v tekhniko-takticheskoy podgotovke mas-restlerov (Vertical row machine in technical and tactical training of mas-wrestlers) / E.P. Kudrin, I.A. Cherkashin // Fizicheskaya kul'tura: vospitanie, obrazovanie, trenirovka. – 2014. – № 6. – P. 19–20.
4. Loginov, V.N. Fizicheskaya kul'tura i sport: tendentsii razvitiya v usloviyakh Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskogo regiona: mater. Mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. (Physical Culture and Sport: Development Trends in Asia-Pacific region: Proc. of Intern. theor.-practical. conf.) / V.N. Loginov. – Yakutsk. – P. 166-172.
5. Kholodov, Zh.K. Teoriya i metodika fizicheskogo vospitaniya i sporta: ucheb. posobie dlya stud. vyssh. ucheb. zavedeniy (Theory and technology of physical education and sport: study guide for students of higher educ. institutions) / Zh.K. Kholodov, V.S. Kuznetsov.– 6th ed., ster. – Moscow: Akademiya, 2008. – P. 352–364.

Corresponding  author: kudrinep@mail.ru