Associate professor, Dr.Hab. A.Yu. Kostarev
Professor, Ph.D. L.M. Matveeva
 R.R. Ismagilova
 Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla, Ufa

Keywords: self-organization, technology of «gradual reduction of restrictions», special physical training, lapta players.

Introduction. Sports games in general and Russian lapta in particular, are characterized by significantly multifactor structure of competitive activity and physical fitness of players; importance of each factor for achieving of final result, expressed in varied parameters of sports skills, depending on specific conditions of competitive activity, determine the complexity of training of lapta players during the annual training cycle.

According to A.V. Shishkina and S.V. Novakovsky (2010), special physical training of athletes can be characterized as a synergistic process, because it includes all the properties (characteristics) of an open self-organizing system [6].

Self-organization is manifested in the increasing complexity of the structure of the studied system that takes place when the external impact on the system exceeds some critical values [2]. At the same time new structural elements emerge in such systems or specialization of old ones takes place, so that they start fulfilling new functions or perform old functions better.

Due to this specialization the efficiency of the “performance” of the system as a whole increases, and it meets the increased environmental requirements. The development of physical abilities of an athlete is none other than self-development of genetically determined properties of the system that takes place due to restructuring of existing and creation of new links between elements during the processes of adaptation to the given physical load; it (development) is task-oriented, but at the same time it is, of course, spontaneous. In the practice of training of highly skilled athletes this process is called “gradual reduction of restrictions”.   

Physical load is an external effect on the athlete’s body at the biological level. One task is set with regard to highly skilled athletes: to approach the beginning of the sports season with the greatest diversity of their own in order to be ready to cope with any competitive conditions [6].

The purpose of the research was to prove experimentally the effectiveness of using the technology of “gradual reduction of restrictions” with regards to the level of development of special physical fitness of lapta players.

Materials and methods. The experiment was conducted at the premises of the educational and training complex of Bashkir State Pedagogical University named after M. Akmulla (BSPU) from March to September. 

12 highly skilled athletes specializing in Russian lapta were involved in the experiment: 6 persons (the Ufa city team) – control group (CG), 6 persons (the BSPU team) –experimental group (EG). The groups did not differ significantly in terms of functional state and special physical fitness before the start of the experiment (Table 1).

During the experiment all the groups trained according to the same training program. The load volume was the same in all the groups. The amount of time spent for physical training classes was 210 hours.  

The only difference in the EG was the use of the algorithm of phased (gradual) reduction of restrictions, giving a lapta player an opportunity for self-development of special physical fitness.  

The algorithm consisted of six stages of reduction of restrictions in the functional and physical abilities of a lapta player, reduction of restrictions in terms of autonomic endurance, speed and strength training, special endurance, coordination training, speed training and competitive readiness.

Based on the fundamental provisions of modern sports training and the time frame of specific adaptation of the body to loads of various types [1, 3, 5], the following approximate duration of each stage was determined: stage 1 – 3 weeks; stage 2 – 1.5 months; stage 3 – 1.5 months; stage 4 – 1 month; stage 5 – 1 month; stage 6 – 3 weeks.

The volume and intensity of training as well as the transition to the next stage of reduction of restrictions were determined by every athlete on his own, but were approved or corrected by the group that supported the experiment (trainer, doctor and psychologist) based on the athletes' test results.

At the beginning and throughout the experiment instructing and individual consulting of athletes were conducted with regard to the method of organization of the training process.  

The effectiveness of the technology in question was determined by the change of the functional state and special physical fitness indicators of lapta players during the experiment.

Results of research. The results of the experiment were as follows (Table 1).

Table 1. Changes in the functional state and special physical fitness indicators of lapta players during the experiment Р<0.05, t=2.45

Functional state. A significant improvement of all the indicators was marked in the EG during the experiment. At the same time the most significant changes were observed regarding physical performance and MOC per kg of weight indicators (Р<0.01).

In the CG a significant improvement occurred only in physical performance and MOC per kg of weight indicators (Р<0.05). It should be noted that the improvement of these indicators by 1.0% and 1.8%, respectively, is lower than in the EG.

The data obtained can probably be accounted for a complete recovery of the EG players after a regular season and the desired body state of athletes – the goal of the first stage of the training. Thanks to this they managed to perform all the necessary training workload.

Special physical fitness. A significant improvement of all the indicators took place in the EG here as well. The most significant changes were observed in the indicators of speed endurance (race 140 m) and speed technique combined with special endurance (shot, rush) (Р<0.01).

In the CG a significant improvement was observed only in the indicators of 140 m race and long-range shot (Р<0.05).

As seen from analysis of the individual special physical fitness test results of lapta players (Table 2), an insignificant variation of its values was detected by the end of the experiment – 0.2-0.4 (indicators 1-5) and 2-4 (indicators 6-8) - in the EG and 0.4-2.5 (indicators 1-5) and 3-11.5 (indicators 6-8) - in the CG.

Obviously, the smallest variations of special physical fitness indicators of the EG players are associated with the special work performed at stages 4-5 of the training with regard to competition speed, thus ensuring coordination of all the systems (muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.) in the target parameters of competitive activity and formation of the new motor actions technique after the increase of strength abilities and special endurance of lapta players.  

Table 2. Indicators of special physical fitness testing of lapta players at the beginning and at the end of the experiment

The experimental results have proved the possibility of the effective use of the laws and principles of synergy in the management of special physical training of elite athletes.

Conclusion. The designed algorithm of development of special physical fitness, made of 6 stages of reduction of restrictions related with functional and physical abilities of lapta players, the duration of which is determined based on the terms of specific adaptation of the body to exercises of multiple purposes, is effective and can be used for training of team athletes.

References

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Corresponding author: fizkult@teoriya.ru