G.S. Lalakov
Siberian State University of Physical Culture, Omsk

Keywords: structure, load, training process, planning, team sports.            

Introduction. Currently an intense increase in sports skills is being observed in team sports, which is primarily due to increased competition between club and national teams. The way how teams can hold their leading positions will largely depend on the extent to which the main trends in modern team sports will be taken into account in the system of training of elite athletes and sports reserve [1, 8, 11].

In this context we believe it is of particular relevance to develop general provisions, consisting in the definition of the rational technology of structural organization of training loads in training of team athletes of different age and skills, based on the identification of criteria that help optimize the necessary ratios of components of training load, along with the development of various physical qualities and development of technical and tactical actions. Therefore, it is important to determine the extent to which the choice of the optimal ratios of components of training load will help in the purposeful development of the qualities necessary for a player and optimize the training process.

The purpose of the study was to theoretically generalize provisions of structural organization of training loads for team athletes, based on the degree of conformity of training loads to age peculiarities of team athletes.

Materials and methods. The study was carried out with athletes engaged in basketball, football, hockey: 9-12 years - the group of initial sports specialization; 13-15 years - the group of advanced specialized training; 16-18 years - the group of improvement of sports skills; 19 years and older - the group of elite athletes.

Athletes aged 50 to 60 years from each age group were involved in the study. We studied the effects of training loads with different component ratios. In each age group we analyzed 75 variants of load. Of which 30 were focused on the development of various kinds of endurance, 27 - on the development of speed and speed-strength qualities of athletes and 18 - on teaching and enhancement of technical and tactical actions, as well as maintenance of the functional state of players.

The endurance coefficient (EC) indices were used as the evaluation criteria of the efficiency of training loads of different volume and purposes, as they present an integral quantity that combines heart rate, systolic and diastolic pressure.

Results and discussion. Development of the technology of the short-term and long-term planning of training loads based on the study of immediate adaptation effects caused by training loads of different purposes, is among the priority ways of enhancement of the training process of team athletes [2, 5, 9].

 Optimization of the training process implies selection of the necessary training tools and their rational structural organization. The main factors determining the content of the long-term training of team athletes are the laws of age-related development. The structural ratio of training load components in a specific training session is due to educational tasks and nature of immediate training effects [4, 6, 11].

The study of the content and structure of training loads at the stage of initial sports specialization. Due to age peculiarities primary pupils require a very careful individualized approach. Children of this age have a lower level of development of the most significant psychophysiological functions compared with adolescents. It should be noted that functional capabilities of a young athlete are primarily determined by his/her health status and individual characteristics, which are strongly associated with sports selection and nature of training work. Influenced by training, certain types of energetic metabolism and adaptation of the body functions develop in young players, which is seen in the specific adaptive reactions to different kinds of load [8, 10].

Based on the study of the effects of training loads varying in their parameters and focused on the development of physical qualities, training and enhancement of technical and tactical skills of team athletes, the following trends can be allocated:

– with an increase in the volume of training load, and in the duration of an exercise set, the cardiovascular system activity increases, which in the end leads to a decrease of its endurance;

– training loads focused on the development of general endurance, irrespective of their volume, cause a recession of the level of functional state of speed and speed-strength qualities, with simultaneous motor pattern deterioration. 2000 m run is the most acceptable training load, developing general endurance in young athletes;

– as the criteria for determination of the conformity of training loads to the functional status of the body, we can take endurance coefficient indices - for the cardiovascular system; standing long jump result - for evaluation of the state of the neuromuscular apparatus; ability to differentiate efforts - for estimation of motor coordination.

The study of the content and structure of training loads at the stage of advanced specialized training. Great difficulties occur in the course of training of teenage athletes. There is a rapid development of different systems and functions, accelerated muscular development, an increase in the activity of endocrine glands, preconditioning hardly predictable reactions to muscular work.

However, at the same time the development of the ligament-articular apparatus of muscles and tendons reaches a high level. Coordination abilities and structure of muscle fibers get closer to those of an adult person. Hyperexcitability of the central nervous system stipulates heavy percentage of erroneous reactions, degradation of spatial, temporal and power differentiations of a motor action. General endurance is stabilized and favorable conditions for the development of special endurance with high level of working capacity and functional capabilities of energy supply systems are created. We observed the fast growth of speed qualities owing to speed-strength manifestations [10]. This requires strict conformity of training loads to the functional state of the body.

Based on the study of the effects of training loads varying in their parameters and focused on the development of physical qualities, training and enhancement of technical and tactical skills of team athletes, the following trends can be allocated:

– with an increase in the volume of training loads and the duration of an exercise set, the cardiovascular system activity increases, which in the end leads to a decrease of its endurance;

– 3000 m run is the most acceptable and reasonable training load intended to develop general endurance in young team athletes, which does not cause any significant negative shifts in the functional state of the body;

– the coefficient of the cardiovascular endurance can be considered as a criterion of its activity and tension when providing muscle activity. Higher endurance coefficient promotes more strenuous cardiovascular activity and more intensive use of its potential.

The study of the content and structure of training loads at the stage of improvement of sports skills. By the beginning of adolescence the main physiological systems have already been formed. However, there is still a considerable hormonal reorganization related to sexual development. Relationships between separate units of the endocrine system, enabling simplification of regulatory processes, keep improving. There is a sudden enhancement of reserve capacities of all body organs and systems. This is due to the development of functional capabilities of peripheral organs, and central control mechanisms. By the age of 17, the autonomic mechanisms come to their functional maturity, and formation of typological features of the nervous system comes to end [3, 7, 10].

All this biological reorganization of the body, as well as psychophysiological peculiarities associated with expiration of the puberal growth stage, need special attention while planning the training process. In this view, the problem of conformity of the volume of training load to the functional state of team athletes is of great relevance.

Based on the study of the effects of training loads varying in their parameters and focused on the development of physical qualities, teaching and enhancement of technical and tactical skills of team athletes, the following trends can be stipulated:

– the cardiovascular activity under different loads is characterized by high tension irrespective of the volume of load and duration of exercise sets. When a person is subject to educational and support loads the cardiovascular activity increases with an increase both in the volume and duration of exercise sets;

– 4000 m run is the most acceptable and reasonable training load intended to develop general endurance in athletes of this age, which does not cause any significant negative shifts in the functional state of the body.

The study of the content and structure of training loads of football players at the stage of enhancement of elite sports skills. Based on the study of the effects of training loads varying in their parameters and focused on the development of physical qualities, training and enhancement of technical and tactical skills of team athletes, the following trends can be revealed:

– the cardiovascular activity of athletes under educational loads is characterized by high tension irrespective of the volume of load and duration of exercise sets. When performing loads that maintain the functional state, the cardiovascular activity is distinguished by the economization of activity;

– 5000 m run is the most acceptable and reasonable training load promoting development of general endurance in elite team athletes, which does not cause any significant negative shifts in the functional state of the body.

Results and discussion. Maintenance of the functional state of team athletes in the long-term training process requires such training loads that do not cause fatigue and do not disarrange the coordination structure of a motor action. It is the necessary ratio of all components of training load that can provide manifestation of the anticipated body reaction. Loads with well-balanced components cause the most adequate adaptive reactions and have the most gentle impact on the functional state of the body. Consequently, such loads fully solve pedagogical tasks and enable more efficient management of team athlete training, primarily at the level of microstructure.

Further optimization of the long-term training process is associated with the use of the principle of selection of training loads that would provide the planned training effect. As the criteria enabling to plan training load for athletes of different age and qualification, we can use the necessary ratios of such essential load components as the number of exercises and their sets, time of performance of exercises and their sets, as well as working conditions and recreation. Such load components as intensity of exercising and coordination complexity are hardly variative for the most part.

The basis of the rational technology of structural organization of training loads for athletes of different age in a separate training session and microcycle should be formed by the technique of selection of the most optimum ratio of quantitative aspects of training load components characterizing the necessary training effect. The endurance coefficient (EC) indices of the cardiovascular system, standing long jump results and data on the power differentiation of a motor action can serve as the criteria of estimation of the efficiency of operational planning of training loads for athletes of different age. Selection of such criteria can be explained by their high reliability and informative value, as well as ease of implementation in sports practice.

Thanks to the conducted study the concept of the possible use of immediate training effect for the purpose of rational selection of the ratios of training load components depending on specific educational tasks and age peculiarities of athletes was theoretically specified and substantiated.

Conclusions

1. The findings of the study and the educational experiments have revealed that the structure of training loads, stipulated by the necessary ratio and variability of its components, largely determine both the volume and direction of load and its acceptability, whereas the content of training load stipulates mainly its orientation on specialization. Training loads with well-balanced components cause the most adequate adaptive reactions and have the most gentle impact on the functional state of the body. Such loads contribute to a more efficient management of team athlete training, primarily at the level of microstructure.

2. Low-volume training loads, regardless of the performance time in an exercise set, improve the functional state of the body. Mid-volume loads can be treated as both improving the state and maintaining it at the necessary level. High-volume loads can to a great extent serve as educational, since such loads are attended with developing fatigue.

3. The methodology of optimization of the long-term training of team athletes includes: allocation of the most significant properties and qualities that determine the success in competitive activity; selection of objective quantitative criteria for these properties and qualities; examination of the content and structure of techniques in the long-term training.

Further development of the concept of rationalization of training loads can involve development of individual training programs, as well as individual correction of training loads during a particular session.

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