A.A. Povzun, associate professor, Ph.D.
V.V. Apokin, associate professor, Ph.D.
V.D. Povzun, professor, Dr.Hab.
O.A. Fyntyne, associate professor, Ph.D.
O.N. Shimshieva, post-graduate
Surgut state university, Khanty-Manti Autonomous region Yugra

Keywords: adaptation, physiological shift, biorhythmization, physiological indicator

Introduction. Today sport is one of the most common and multifunctional spheres of social activity, but current conditions and the pace of its development have put athletes under hard pressure of training and high requirements to the level of functional fitness. Therefore, it seems impossible to achieve good results, having mastered huge amount of work at no cost to health, without optimally balanced control over this functional training. That means that control of the adaptive processes of the body of athletes becomes the most relevant task [4]. Strenuous physical and emotional loads athlete’s body is subject to on the regular basis can condition significant physiological shifts in the body, and reduced adaptive abilities of the body can well be “the physiological cost” of good sports performance [6, 7]. These issues are of particular concern in relation to junior athletes, since the growing body is most sensitive to damaging effects and, first of all, responds in the form of biorhythmization changes [8, 9].

On the other hand, in our country, adapting to physical loads, an athlete’s body is also within specific and often not very favorable ecological conditions of the region of residence. This, along with poorly developed material and technological facilities, forces athletes of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous region to travel to the training camps in the South of Russia from time to time. However, when relocating to other latitudes, bodies of athletes experience not only climatic changes and intensification of physical loads being inevitable in training camps, but also consequences of latitudinal relocation across several time zones which undoubtedly affects their functional and adaptive abilities [2, 4]. The issue becomes not only relevant, but first of all requires understanding of the consequences for athletes who live and train in the northern latitudes. Basing on the analysis of seasonal changes of biorhythm that to a large extent characterizes the state of reserve capacity of the body, we tried to assess the state of adaptive abilities of the body of athletes including elite ones, living in the Middle Ob area [5, 7], and we found that despite the high level of functional performance and sports skills level these adaptive abilities and hence “the health reserve” remain at the level which unfortunately cannot be called high.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the standard time offset on the adaptive abilities of young athletes on the basis of the biorhythmological approach.

Materials and methods. The study involved a comparative analysis of changes in the structure of biorhythms of basic physiological parameters of the blood circulatory system after a flight across several time zones, involving a team of track and field athletes permanently residing and training in the conditions of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous region. Physiological indicators were measured in 33 athletes aged 16-18 years specializing in the speed-strength (sprint) kinds of athletics. All of them were members of the KhMAR-Yugra team and had the qualification of the first or second categories. At the same time, all of them flew out of the city of Surgut into the area of Kislovodsk for the initial phase of the training camp and were there, in the conditions of time offset and climate different from that of their permanent residence, for 21 day.

Measurements were made throughout their stay with regard to chronobiology 4 times a day: at 8 am, 12 pm, 4 pm and 8 pm. The following parameters were measured: t – body temperature (С⁰), HR – heart rate (bpm), SBP – systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), DBP – diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg). The parameters calculated based on the obtained data were as follows: PP – pulse pressure, ADAP – average dynamic arterial pressure (mm Hg), SVO – stroke volume output (ml), CO – cardiac output (l/min). The obtained data underwent standard mathematical processing. Daily average value (diurnal mean value), rhythm amplitude, time of the highest function value (acrophase) and fluctuation amplitude (chronodesm) were assessed.

Results and discussion. Table 1 shows the results of the first three days and results of stages at the end of every week of stay, as the rest of the data did not differ substantially from the presented.

Table 1. Changes in the basic rhythm parameters of physiological indicators of the cardiovascular system of the athletes after the flight and when staying outside their geographic region and the main time zone.

It should be noted that at the same time in this group of athletes the dynamics of parameters of the human body state vector (HBSV) was analyzed in a 4-dimensional phase space by the state of the cardiovascular system [11], which showed that the athletes’ bodies react to the standardized load in case of latitudinal relocation by changing the major order parameter LF, showing the activity of the sympathetic centers of the medulla oblongata, to VLF, characterizing the activity of the central ergotropic and humoral-metabolic mechanisms of heart rate regulation, which, as authors believe, is necessary for urgent adaptation of the body to the changed conditions.

While fully accepting this conclusion, we should note that unfortunately virtually all our athletes live in different parts of Khanty-Manti Autonomous region, so we did not have the opportunity to make pre-flight measurements and cannot evaluate the direct reaction to the flight. However, as far as the results obtained during the training are concerned, we did not observe any significant changes in the state of the autonomic tone, as evidenced by the stability of the Kerdo index value. It remains virtually unchanged throughout the stay and reflects the predominance of moderate sympathetic regulation, that is, the body is really subject to the standard urgent adaptation to the changed conditions.

Certainly, in case of long flights urgent adaptation is inevitable. However, mostly parasympathetic activity is typical for athletes in such cases, being one of the major training effects. The body naturally “minimizes” energy consumption this way, reducing ergotropic and increasing trophotropic influences of the autonomic nervous system [3]. As a result indicators of the functional state of the heart system and hence the load on it are reduced. A reverse reaction is observed either in a state of fatigue [1, 10], when the body’s reserve capacity is almost exhausted, or when the fitness level is not high enough yet, which is most likely our case. This is supported by the stability of the main rhythm indicators, the values of which remain virtually unchanged throughout the stay. If we assume that the pre-flight values do not differ significantly from those we obtained, the stability of the rhythm, and thus the state of adaptive and functional capabilities of the body of the athletes of this group is one of the most stable in all the time of our observations. Hence, this is not about fatigue. In addition, high diurnal mean values and the values of the ADAP amplitude throughout the stay reflect quite sufficient energy supply required for the blood circulation, which is primarily determined by peripheral vascular resistance. That is, in case of loads, blood circulation needs will be compensated mainly by means of the vascular system and not the heart.

However, athletes still cannot avoid lack of rhythm synchronization. Desynchronosis during flights, the problem that is almost unavoidable, and the observed gradual shift of the maximum of the acrophase indicator of the contractile function of the myocardium (SVO) and the HR rhythm indicates the development of the phase mismatch between the chrono- and inotropic cardiac manifestations. At the same time, the coincidence of acrophases of systolic and cardiac output and the mismatch of CO and HR indicate that the contractile strain on the heart is not big either.

Conclusion. The change of the key parameter and the activity of central ergotropic and humoral metabolic mechanisms of regulation of heart rate reflect the response of athletes to a flight, and thus may be related to, for example, the preflight emotional state. The immutability of the autonomic tone throughout the stay is another confirmation of this assumption. Most likely, the three time zones offset and changing conditions are not critical for the young body of athletes and the athletes stand it easily keeping the functional and adaptive reserves of the body. So, such flights are quite acceptable for the development of sport skills, at least, in the training phase. But, it is very important to carefully monitor the synchronization of rhythms because otherwise the long-term reaction can be quite unfavourable, that have been frequently observed in our previous studies, especially since there is a miscoordination of acrophases of not only the maximum but also minimum hemodynamic indicators in this group of athletes.

References

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Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru