S.V. Kakhnovich, associate professor, Ph.D.
A.A. Shankin, associate professor, Dr.Biol.
Evsev’ev State Pegagogical Institute of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
K.V. Izvekov, associate professor, Ph.D.
Saransk cooperative institute (branch) of the Russian university of cooperation, Saransk, Russia
A.V. Kaverin, professor, Dr.Sc.Agr.
G.I. Shankina, Ph.D.
Ogarev State University of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia

Key words: physical exercise, ecology, somatotype, electrocardiogram, hemoglobin

Introduction

In recent times Physical Education teachers in different regions of Russia face the problem of poor physical development and low physical fitness of schoolchildren and students [1]. A lot of males and females have weight deficit or excess weight and associated endocrine diseases, fault in posture, scoliosis, flat feet [9]. Scientists pay attention to contemporary tendencies of human constitution changes in the direction of asthenisation and gracialisation of constitution. Somatic constitution is formed in the process of ontogenesis under the influence of extraneous environmental factors and heredity. Among all environmental factors one should specify regional conditions of living, presence of ecological trouble zones and neighborhood with dangerous industrial objects. Socioeconomic region is a multiple-component polystructural system with a variety of constituent elements and functions fulfilled by them [4]. In Mordovia in conditions of multinational region one cannot neglect the influence of ethnic factor. Moreover, the facts that several settlements in Mordovia suffered from the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant and that numerous large industrial plants polluting environment should be considered. The negative ecological factors influence negatively flora and fauna and people too [8, 5, 12].

The constitutional peculiarities of the population formed in this situation play a very important role in the inner organ functioning. People with specific somatic constitution react to the extraneous factors differently, for example, physical exercises. Many functional systems of the body are involved in such adaptive responses including blood and blood circulatory systems. These systems fulfill series of joint functions, the main one being oxygen supply of the body.

The purpose of our research was to examine the regional peculiarities of adaptation of females of different nationalities to physical exercise. 84 girls were the subject of study. 53 of them were Russian, 31 – Mordovian at the age of 19 that live in Mordovia and study at Evsev’ev State Pedagogical institute of Mordovia.

Materials and methods. Medical and ecological research of Mordovia consisted of comparative and statistic analysis of ecological situation, pollution of air, water and soil by chemicals and radioactive contamination of territory, analysis of medical and demographic settings according to the birth and death rates, population loss.

We measured anthropometric parameters: body length, leg length, thoracic circumference and body weight. The trohanterny index (TI) was calculated according to the relation of body length to leg length. Constitutional type of age-related organism evolution was defined according to V. G. Shtefko (1929) and S. G. Vasil’chenko (1990) by quantity of TI [3, 10].

Physical working capacity was measured by means of PWC 170 test [6]. Electrocardiogram was recorded at rest and after single dosed physical exercise, having 75% of power of individual PWC₁₇₀. During ECG analysis the shape of the ECG curve, its regularity, intensity of deflections were examined. Quantitative analysis of ECG was carried out using the amplitude and temporal indices.

Oxygen tension in blood (SpO₂) was defined by the pulse oximetry method by means of monitor M3046A. The research was made before and after physical exercise. Blood hemoglobin was determined using the hemoglobin cyanide method. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was determined by means of Panchenkov’s apparatus. Research materials were process using the STATISTICA 6 software.

Results and discussion. The unevenness of stationing of great constant sources of pollutant emissions to atmosphere, water and soil was determined during the examination of the ecological situation. In such a way the territory with very high, high and average load of emissions to atmosphere (more than 0,5 t/km²) stretched from west borderlands of the republic to the east through the most highly industrialized regions.  The health condition of the republic population is described in the state report “About health condition of the population of Mordovia in 2012” [7]. The birth rate in Mordovia is the lowest. It is 7,5 per 1 000 people – that is the 11^th place among 14 regions of the Pre-Volga Federal Region. The death rate is 15,1 (the 5^th place), natural population loss is 7,6 (the 10^th place).

Ecological factors influenced negatively on physical development and functional indices of republic inhabitants. According to Table 1 Mordovian females’ body length is 3,5 cm less than the one of Russian females (p = 0,0309). The tendency towards lessening of leg length, thoracic circumference and body weight of Mordovian females was observed.

On the whole anthropometrical parameters of females in Mordivian Republic don’t differ essentially from those in other regions of Russia. Hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of Russian females is lower than those of Mordovian females.

Table 1. Anthropometrical characteristics and indices of Russian and Mordovian females   (M + δ)

Physical performance of Russian females determined by PWC₁₇₀ test was 587,04 kgm/min, whereas that one of Mordovian females was 564,32 kgm/min that corresponds to the average performance level of untrained females of this age.

As seen from Table 2, the amplitude indices of Mordovian females’  ECG deflections at rest were slightly higher than those of Russian females and the indices of blood oxygen tension was reliably lower (p = 0,0327).

Table 2. ECG indices in the 2 standard lead and blood oxygen tension indices of Russian and Mordovian females at rest (M + δ)

In that way low blood oxygen tension of Mordovian females was compensated by greater amplitude of ECG deflections and shorter cardiac cycle. After single dosed physical exercise having 75% of power of individual PWC₁₇₀ the change of these indices was observed.

Table 3. ECG indices in the 2 standard lead and blood oxygen tension indices of Russian and Mordovian females after physical exercise (M + δ)

According to Table 3 after physical exercise the amplitude of deflections in both groups increased and the duration of cardiac cycle shortened. On the whole ECG indices in Russian and Mordovian groups became identical, with the exception of the amplitude of deflection S, it was 2 times larger in the case of Mordovian females (p = 0,0306). The position angle of heart electrical axis of Mordovian females was slightly less than that one of Russian females and the index SpO₂ became identical in both groups. We supposed that Russian females and Mordovian females can show different reaction on physical exercise according to the constitutional type of age-related evolution.

We compared the blood hemoglobin in Russian and Mordovian females depending on the quantity of TI. As seen from Figure 1, hemoglobin amount of Russian and Mordovian females depends on constitutional type. The blood hemoglobin amount of Mordovian females is higher in all evolutionary somatotypes. Females with the normevolutionary constitutional type had the same hemoglobin amount whereas Mordovian females with the hyperevolutionary type had a smaller amount of hemoglobin rather than Russian females. The smallest amount of hemoglobin, 120 g/l, was showed by Russian females with the pathological type of constitution (TI ≤ 1,85). Exceeding of hemoglobin indices is caused probably by the fact that Mordovian females were inhabitants of countryside that is more ecologically safe in comparison with living in cities.

Hemoglobin blood indices of females of different nationalities could be a condition for formation of reaction in the form of change in blood oxygen tension and electrical heart potentials in response to physical exercise.

According to Figure 2, the curve form of blood oxygen tension in Russian females at rest is similar to the hemoglobin curve of the whole (Russian and Mordovian) group of females. Except the hyperevolutionary type of constitution when the oxygen tension in blood was high, 99,8 mmHg, and the hemoglobin content wasn’t so high – 127,2 g/l.

After physical exercise in all 3 constitutional types the blood oxygen tension remained without changing: normevolutionary, hyperevolutionary, disevolutionary (TI = 1,92−1,86), it decreased in 2 types of constitution: hyperevolutionary, disevolutionary (TI = 2,04−2,08) and increased in 2 types of constitutions (TI ≥ 2,09, TI ≤ 1,85). However, effective increase of SpO₂ to 100 mmHg was observed only in pathological constitutional type (TI ≥ 2,09).

As seen from Figure 3, under the influence of physical exercise the SpO₂ indices of Mordovian females with the disevolutionary constitutional type (TI = 2,04−2,08) and with the pathological type of constitution (TI ≤ 1,85) increased. High SpO₂ levels at rest and the absence of negative SpO₂ reaction on physical exercise are the distinctive features of Russian and Mordovian females.

Taking into consideration the findings represented in Figures 1, 2 and 3 it can be assumed that the reaction of electrical heart potentials to physical exercise of Russian and Mordovian females can also be different according to the quantity of the TI and the constitutional type of the age-related evolution. Our research showed that the amplitude of deflections P, R, T of Russian females increased in the majority of constitutional types after physical exercise. If we examine Figures 1 and 2 it can be pointed out that Russian females had lower blood hemoglobin in comparison with Mordovian females, and SpO₂ indices at rest and after physical exercise usually didn’t reach their maximum in spite of electrophysiological indications of heart activity energization shown in the form of most deflections’ amplitude increase and heart rate increase.

As seen from Figures 1 and 3, Mordovian females have higher blood hemoglobin in most constitutional types in comparison with Russian females and in accordance with this they have higher indices of blood oxygen tension at rest and after physical exercise. At the same time the amplitude of the deflection R and of some other deflections remained almost unchanged and in some cases it even decreased. Increased heart activity was only indicated by shortening of ECG intervals.

Conclusion. Constitutional and ethnic peculiarities play an important role in human life. Not only external properties of the body but also morphofunctional properties of different inner organ systems are connected with them. Russian and Mordovian females had different morphological indicatiors of constitutional types of the age-related body evolution that were examined on the material of the multinational region. Mordovian females having shorter body and legs, smaller thoracic circumference and body weight in comparison with Russian females surpassed them in blood hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. These facts can be explained only by national characteristics of females but the version that it is caused by different life conditions (Mordovian females were in majority countryside inhabitants in contrast to Russian females) can’t be ignored. According to the literature data townsmen are taller than countryside inhabitants that can be connected with a set of factors, affecting people in cities, including rapid lifestyle, a lot of technogenetic factors, higher living standards, high calorie food, fast food, half-finished food products, hypodynamia, stress and etc. Oxygen tension and blood hemoglobin could decrease in these conditions. During physical exercise the blood oxygen tension didn’t reach its maximum. Mordovian females on the contrary had enough motor activity. They used natural products for food and were less exposed to negative factors of environment. As a result they were inferior to Russian females of the same age in anthropometrical parameters but surpassed them in blood hemoglobin and oxygen tension at rest and after exercise. It is remarkable that the amplitude of deflection R and other deflections of Mordovian females didn’t change in response to physical exercise, the only indicator that increased was heart rate.

In such a way the ethnic and constitutional peculiarities of females, living in our region were revealed. These peculiarities turned out to be connected with blood and blood circulatory systems and determined the reaction to physical exercise.

Work is performed within the implementation and using the funds of the program of strategic development "Teaching staff for innovative Russia" (state task №. 2 16.03.2013).

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