T.I. Vikhruk, professor, Dr.Med.
V.V. Arzhakov, senior lecturer
L.G. Shageeva, associate professor, Ph.D.
Military institute of physical culture, St. Petersburg

Key words: differentiated approach, physical training, cadets, servicemen, problems of education, pedagogical innovations.

Introduction. The search for effective methods facilitating the success in training cadets, pedagogical principles of correction of their physical development and functional status are priority. With the transition to the new content of education the concept of differentiated teaching became widespread. General didactic basics of the differentiated approach to learning are mentioned in numerous studies [2, 3, 4, 7, 15, 16 et al.]. The implementation of the differentiated approach based on individual-typological features of the human body acquires particular significance in the process of physical education [4, 12-16]. The principle of individual approach is based on the organization of the educational process, in view of students' individual characteristics, that helps to create optimal conditions for the realization of potentials of each student. Health improving programs, based on individual-typological features, and in particular somatotype, and recommended for use at physical education classes in schools and sports clubs, are being developed. However, the majority of researches carried out in this area concern children [1, 8, 16], women [10] or young people studying in civilian universities [7, 9]. The researches which would cover the use of differentiated (individual-typological) approach to the organization of physical education classes in institutions of higher military professional education are underrepresented [3, 8].

The purpose of the present study was the medicobiological substantiation of the use of the differentiated approach to the organization of physical education classes in view of the individual features of cadets and pedagogical correction activities that improve their physical fitness.

Materials and methods. We examined first-year cadets of the military institute of physical culture, who live in the same conditions with the same work and rest regimen; specialize in different sports, but of approximately the same qualification - basically the 1 sports category. We used the methods of anthropometry, stabilography and the methods of assessment of physical development (index method), somatotype and physical fitness of the cadets.

Using the anthropometry method we determined the length and the weight of the body, chest circumference, lung capacity, strength of finger flexor muscles and the strength of extensor muscle of the spine. The Pignet, Quetelet, Erisman, strength indices and birth-death ratio were calculated. The somatotype was determined according to R.N. Dorokhov [6]. Physical fitness was assessed according to results of three exercises: №4 (pull-ups), №41 (100 m run) and №46 (3000 m run).

Stabilographic studies were conducted on a computer force plate "Stabilan" with biofeedback.

Results and discussion. The results of somatotype determination showed that more than a half of the surveyed cadets (54%) had mesosomal somatotype, 36% had macrosomal type and only 10% had microsomal somatotype. Anthropometric indices in these three groups differed significantly. The average values of chest circumference and lung capacity and the absolute values of muscle strength in the representatives of the mesosomal type were close to the values of the whole group. The highest mean values of all the indices were identified in the group of representatives of the macrosomal type, and the lowest - in that of the microsomal type.

About 15,5% of cadets having micro- and mesosomal somatotypes had quite low values of the Quetelet index. About 29,4% of cadets had normal values. The mesosomal somatotype was predominant in this group. The values of the rest of the cadets were above the norm, with the prevalence of the representatives of the macrosomal type.

The analysis of indices of physical development revealed the following: 45,2% of the surveyed cadets were strong-built and the biggest contribution to this amount was made by the representatives of the macrosomal type, the smallest - by those of the microsomal type. Only 4% of the surveyed cadets had weak physique according to the Pignet index and the representatives of the mesosomal type prevailed among them.

The values of the Erisman index of most of the first-year students (55,1%) were above normal. Only 3% of the surveyed first-year cadets had the values corresponding to normal, and there were no representatives of the microsomal type among them. The values of other cadets, representing all the somatotypes, were below normal.

The average values of the birth-death ratio increased from microsomal to macrosomal type.

The 40,3% of the surveyed cadets had normal or increased values of strength indices (flexor muscles of fingers of the right hand), the rest of the cadets had values below normal (this group included representatives of all somatotypes). The values of the strength index of left hand finger flexor muscles were the same. The 48,4% of all the surveyed first-year cadets had normal or increased values of the back strength index. This group also included representatives of all the somatotypes.

Thus, the morphological study revealed that the representatives of different somatotypes have different values of the indicators of physical development. The values of certain indicators of physical development (birth-death ratio, Erisman and strength indices) of some of the first-year cadets were below the normal values and needed to be corrected during physical education classes.

The level of physical fitness of cadets also depended on somatotype. Exercises №4 and №41 were performed better by the representatives of the microsomal type, exercise №46 - by those of the mesosomal type. The representatives of the macrosomal type performed the 3000 m run with great difficulties.

To address the issue of pedagogical correction of motor abilities of the subjects the stabilographic study on the orthostatic stability (Romberg's test), the ratio of excitation and inhibition (latency period, reaction rate and reaction time) and the motor memory of the cadets was conducted. While evaluating each parameter we used physiological criteria provided by the instrument software. The data of the study on the orthostatic stability with active visual analyzer of the representatives of all somatotypes corresponded to the physiological norm. However, the stability of the cadets with the inactive visual analyzer (when using the auditory analyzer) was insufficient, it was particularly low in the group of the macrosomal somatotype (more than 50% of the cadets) and the best results shown by the representatives of the microsomal somatotype (80%). This indicates that it is hard for most of the surveyed to perform a motor task in low light conditions. Subjects with the identified insufficient stability were recommended to introduce the specific exercises with a rotational component into their physical education classes.

The evaluation of the speed of decision making and task performance (according to the latent period, reaction rate and reaction time) revealed that the majority of the subjects (60%) had a normal rate of the reaction; 18% of the surveyed had slow reaction. Only 30% of the subjects tended to perform the task on a subconscious level or at any cost. These were the subjects with a higher sports qualification.

The goal of the motor memory test was to remember the three components of a movement - time, speed and space. The studies showed the insufficiently developed motor memory of all the subjects. The worst results were shown by the subjects with the microsomal somatotype: 60% of surveyed failed to remember any part of the movement they had been trained, 40% remembered only one part. There were fewer subjects with the mesosomal type who couldn't remember any part of the movement - about 44%. Special exercises were recommended for these subjects to improve their motor memory.  

CONCLUSION

Thus, the findings indicate the insufficient level of functional parameters (birth-death ratio and strength index) at normal body indices (Quetelet, Pignet, Erisman). So correction of functional state is required by means of physical education in order to improve body's adaptabilities and physical working capacity. Stabilographic data can be applied when designing a training process in accordance with specific features of those involved.

The findings of the study confirmed the need for considering the differentiated approach when organizing physical education classes and the effectiveness of the use of medical and educational activities intended to improve cadets’ physical fitness in conditions of a university of physical culture.

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Corresponding author: vifk-nic@ya.ru