V.V. Ponomarev, professor, Dr.Hab.
A.V. Yatskovsky, V.A. Groshev
Siberian state technological university, Krasnoyarsk

Key words: kinesitherapy, musculoskeletal system disorders, sports and fitness support, students, schoolchildren, physical education.

The modern system of physical education is facing an extremely important goal of scientific substantiation of the rehabilitation system for people with health disturbances.

Kinesitherapy is among acute modern trends of prevention of the musculoskeletal system, promotion and correction of these diseases among schoolchildren and students.

The purpose of the study was to design the software of kinesitherapy and organizational-educational conditions of its realization at school and in a university.

Kinesitherapy as a correctional and educational direction of promotion and prevention of diseases of the musculoskeletal system has rich historical traditions among people. It has been recognized in the world since the times of Hippocrates and most precisely represents the specifics of work of experts who administer therapy according to the study on motor modes and the role of movement predominating over other healthy factors.

Nowadays the speciality "kinesitherapy" exists in many European countries (France, Poland, Bulgaria, etc.). Practically all developed countries have associations of kinesitherapeutists.

The term “kinesitherapy” is of Greek origin (“kinessio” – movement, “therapy” –treatment).

In our country remedial gymnastics is defined as kinesitherapy. Doctors in remedial gymanstics were trained in the institutes of physical culture. Currently training in this area is neglected.

The classification of forms of kinesitherapy (or remedial gymnastics, elaborated in 1961 by V.N. Moshkov et al.) is currently as follows:

The content of forms of kinesitherapy:

1. Treatment by position (lagetherapy) - giving ultimate immobility to the body and its specific segments.
2. Conventional therapy - carried out using skull traction tongs.
3. Manual therapy – aimed at eliminating of local muscle clamps, fitting of intervertebral joints and slipped disc.
4. Therapeutic massage is based on the fulfillment of four basic techniques: stroking, rubbing, malaxation and vibrations.
5. Passive gymnastics - execution of movements with the help of an assistant.
6. Mechanotherapy (or biomechanotherapy) – performed using instruments to strengthen the local therapeutic effect.
7. Hydrokinesitherapy – physiotherapy in water.
8. Dosed walking (120-140 steps per minute).
9. Health path (mountain climb at the angle of 10-30^о).
10. Running (120-140 bpm).
11. Dance therapy.
12. Outdoor games (game therapy).
13. Psychophysiological training - ideas of motion in the damaged organ.
14.  Psychomuscular training (according to A.V. Alekseev) - based on the alternation of tension and relaxation of muscles.
15. Pantomime – a form of psychophysiological training – is based on W. James’s peripheral theory of emotions, based on the active inclusion of facial exercises to show emotional states of joy, pleasure, sorrow, etc.
16. Oriental therapeutic gymnastics - Tai Chi Chuan, Hatha Yoga, Do-in etc.
17. Applied sports exercises - skiing, swimming, cycling, rowing, gymnastics etc.
18. Morning hygienic gymnastics and evening gymnastics (to relieve stress).
19.  Work therapy - is aimed at improving hand and spine functions and is associated with moving of certain items.

The content and methodology of kinesitherapy are determined by the requirements of motor modes (8 modes were justified, B.P. Prevarsky, Z.D. Leshchiner et al. 1981, Kiev):

1. Strict restrictions (strictly "bed”).
2. Static restrictions ("semi-bed”).
3. Selective restrictions ("ward").
4. Free ("hospital-wide").
5. Gentle ("sanatorium”).
6. Gentle-training ("outpatient").
7. Training (“load”).
8. Intensively-training (maximum load).

Results and discussion. At school during physical education classes pupils should master the following theoretical knowledge and practical skills of kinesitherapy.

We have designed the content of the kinesitherapeutic curriculum schoolchildren and students with diseases (injuries) of the MSS. It includes four interrelated sections: 1) knowledge, 2) skills, 3) requirements for motor mode, 4) types of tests and standards.

Knowledge unit consists of four topics:

• physical culture - essential element of human life;
• physical culture as one of the key methods of correction of patients' motor sphere;
• the role of physical culture and sport in solution of the problem of social, everyday and vocational rehabilitation;
• conscious active attitude of sick people to physical education - a factor determining the success of rehabilitation measures.

Skills unit provides for:

• possession of practical skills of use of various means and forms of physical culture in conditions of study, work and leisure;
• the skill to use physical exercises to correct the motor sphere to ensure everyday and educational activities;
• specifics of application of hygienic and tempering procedures, means of self-monitoring of health during group and independent physical exercises.

The unit of requirements to motor mode determines the minimum weekly volume of physical exercises, which are to be done when getting ready for the implementation of standards and which ensure the achievement of physical perfection by the levels of qualitative groups.

The unit of types of tests and standards consists of types of tests, used to define the diversification of physical qualities of sick persons and mastery of their household and work skills, as well as standards, used to estimate the range of vitally important motor skills and abilities, level of development of physical qualities of a handicapped (strength, agility, endurance, flexibility, dexterity) in accordance with his age, sex, level and degree of musculoskeletal system disorders.

As a result of functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system in various departments the motor area of schoolchildren and students is encroached, the correction of which must be carried out by: teaching motor actions, training basic motor abilities. Teaching motor actions is one of the most important issues of motor adaptation of sick men to household and learning activities, therefore the physical education program for sick men should include principle questions of teaching motor actions. In the light of recent theoretical and practical ideas about the formation of motor skills and abilities, which represent the fund of vitally important motor actions, the learning process should be seen as an integral educational system, its implementation is carried out step-by-step.

1. The phase of initial study of motor actions.

2. The phase of advanced study of motor actions by sick persons.

3. The phase of improvement (encoding of motor skill).

The teaching system of new motor actions for sick men includes the subsystem of control of the quality level of technique of studied motor actions:

• The degree of automaticity of motor action.

• Stability of motor skill in the context of emotional shifts.

• The range of variation of manifestations of studied motor actions.

• Stability of the technology of studying motor actions in terms of fatigue preserving a good result.

• The result achieved within competitive activity of sick men.

In the study we designed variative parts of the courseware of physical education lessons based on kinesitherapy among schoolchildren and students with musculoskeletal system disorders (Table 1, 2).

Table 1. Variative part of the courseware of physical education lessons based on kinesitherapy among schoolchildren with musculoskeletal system disorders

Table 2. Variative part of theoretical and practical material for practical university classes with students with musculoskeletal system disorders based on kinesitherapy

Conclusion. The testing of the physical education curriculum based on kinesitherapy among schoolchildren with diseases of the musculoskeletal system revealed its high efficiency and the need to actively introduce it into school and university education.

References

1. Grigorenko, V.G. Organization of mass sports activity with persons with spinal cord injuries / V.G. Grigorenko, A.P. Globa // Guidelines. – Moscow: Sovetsky sport, 1991. – 78 P. (In Russian)
2. Movement and health: The courseware of system correction of the consequences of scoliosis in children and teenagers via adaptive physical culture / R.R. Gatiatulin [et al.]. – Krasnoyarsk, 2004. – 224 P. (In Russian)
3. Korotaeva, N.A. Determination, forms and content of kinesitherapy / Н.А. Коротаева. – Moscow, 2002. – 30 P. (In Russian)
4. Chizhakova, G.I. Education of children with scoliosis: theory and practice / G.I. Chizhakova / Collected papers: Issue 1. – Krasnoyarsk: RIE SibSTU, 2004. – 236 P. (In Russian)

Author’s contacts: kf.val.i.fk@mail.ru