Dr.Hab., Professor V.I. Grigoriev¹
PhD, Associate Professor O.S. Davydova²
PhD, Associate Professor A.A. Oshev
¹Saint Petersburg State University of Economics, Saint Petersburg
²Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg

Keywords: parameter aggregation, affiliated tools, customized workloads, modulation, integrated biometrics, propulsive efficiency tests, representativeness, competitive fitness, factor analysis.

Background. An essential aspect of competitive swimming is the scientifically substantiated organizational and technological structure of precompetitive training of swimmers aimed to realize their motor functions upon reaching the ultimate result. There are two methodological stages in the genesis of the problem solution. The problem of periodization of sports training, which was especially acute in the 1960-80s, was addressed by S. Gordon, K. Inyasevsky, and D. Kaunsilman, who formulated the logic of indicative planning of the "polarized training" system. The representativeness of this approach was confirmed by the results achieved at the World Championships and Olympic Games by the USSR national team managed by I. Koshkin, S. Vaytsekhovsky, et al [2]. The logic of the second stage (1990-2021) is related to the methodology of project management, which makes it possible to achieve high results by transforming qualitative parameters of the technical skills at the precompetitive stage. O. Alekseeva distinguishes the range of phase transitions to the ultimate readiness that ensures the achievement of peak results [1, 6]. This mainstreams the issues related to the transformation of the structure, allocation of the growth points, and highlighting the key operational points in the design of the swimmers’ precompetitive training process.

Objective of the study was to improve the efficiency of the precompetitive training of swimmers of the university sports perfection group by increasing the number of sprint exercises against the less hours of swimming practices.

Methods and structure of the study. The research program was focused on the identification of the factors that form the precompetitive training efficiency growth points. The field studies were carried out in two phases. The first phase included screening of the parameters of motor activity, mental health, and functional fitness of the 19.1±0.3 year-old freestyle swimmers qualified CMS and MS (n=16). In particular, the effects of sprint trainings on the biometric parameters of the training activity were determined using "ART-2" trial facility [5, 7, 10]. The 25m and 50m freestyle swimming tests were used to determine the swimming rate (SR), stroke length (SL), maximum swimming speed (Vmax), and propulsion strength. The swimmers’ psychomotor state and competitive fitness level were determined by the balance between the visual-motor reactions: SMT, RMO, and WAM [2]. Within the criteria space – maximum (Fmax) (N) and average cycle force (Fcycle) (N), maximum power (Pmax) (Wt), and power in the pull phase (Ppull phase) (Wt) – we identified the weaknesses, resource base, and training efficiency growth points.

At the second stage, a factor analysis of 67 aggregative parameters was carried out. The analysis results formed the basis of the precompetitive training module. The domain of the training impact was oriented towards increasing the intensity of training loads achieved by adding partial high intensity loads. Therefore, the module efficiency was evaluated by the points of growth of the effectiveness of the swimming technique, morphofunctional and psychomotor shifts. The functional changes were analyzed using the computer complex "Cardiometer-MT". Heart rate (HR), minute blood volume (MBV), stroke output (SO), cardiac output (CO), M_o, cardiac cycle duration (R-R), isometric contraction (IC), and myocardial tension index (MTI) were measured. The effectiveness of the methodological solutions was assessed using the questionnaire modified by B. J. Cratty [4, 8].

Results and discussion. Proceeding from the factor analysis, 12 growth points were identified and grouped in terms of three factors of reaching the best shape. The 21-day precompetitive training module included 18 training sessions, tests, and 2 start days at the Universiade.

The "training intensification" factor (41.2% of the sample variance) determined 6 poles of transformation of the main (forecasts, objectives, conditions for the accomplishment of the set objectives) and auxiliary processes that ensure the achievement of the upper limits of adaptation to competitive loads. Within this factor, the emphasis was placed on the extraordinariness of the targeted effect of sprint trainings on the adaptive adjustments to the central, motor, and vegetative functions. The metabolic profile of the 8 key training sessions was aimed at increasing the anaerobic alactic power. The scientific "projection" of the "gold standard" in the combinatorics of speed iterations was focused on the selective development of affiliated tools and achievement of the maximal result (T. Bompa, 2012). It should be emphasized that E. Vinogradov’s [3] technology was used in the parametric setting of individual speed-mode limits. Accordingly, the amplitude-frequency modulation of the dynamic parameters of the stroke included a number of indicators - maximum (Fmax) 174.5-178.7 n and average cycle force (Fcycle) 89.5-91.1 n; power in the pull phase (Ppull phase) 120.5-121.1 wt. The stratification of the peak modes, aimed to achieve a qualitatively new technical fitness level, was evaluated by the swimmers at 9.2±0.06 on the "reserve mobilization" scale.

In particular, the key trainings included such exercise series as: 2x (4x10 m + 3x15 m freestyle swimming), at maximum speed and rate, with a rest break between the series - 200 m of compensatory swimming; 2x (4x25 m + 4x50 m freestyle swimming) at the specified speed of 1.8-1.9 m/s, maximum rate of 54-56 cycles/min and amplitude of 1,65-1,71 m. The internal typological similarity of the swimming techniques at the distance segments Vmax 10-25-50 m built synergies between the effects on the selective development of the affiliated tools. As a result, there was an increase in the power Wp, swimming rate Sr_max, average force Fsr and CO (0.671). E. Vinogradov explained the detected increase in the freestyle swimming speed rate in the 4x25 m test by the associated development of propulsive efficiency, power and dynamic reserves, accuracy of competitive activity (0.502) [3.10].

The detected growth of preferences in the training intensification, evaluated at 9.2±0.04 points on the "satisfaction with trainings" scale, correlated with the improved psychomotor parameters: single motion time (SMT) - 0.11 - 0.12 sec; reaction to a moving object (RMO) - 0.02 - 0.03 sec; number of small-amplitude motions (T-t max) - 69.0 - 72.0 (0.523); readiness to achieve the maximal result - 8.5 - 9.1 points (0.501). The resulting improvement in the competitive fitness level explains the neurophysiological shifts typical of the peak readiness phase [3]. The data obtained are proportional to those obtained during the ultra short race pace training (USRPT) for Michael Andrew [4.8].

The operational content of the "transforming" factor (21.4%) is affiliated with 3 points of growth of the technique performance efficiency and improvement of the functional state. The basic configuration of the factor triggers several cascading trajectories of adaptation to physical loads of submaximal power, maintenance of the functional capabilities and power of the energy supply systems.

The "tapering" factor (13.4%) includes 2 growth points associated with the creation of conditions for getting in shape. The consistency in the aggregated factor parameters is manifested in supercompensation of physical working capacity and interiorization of latent states. The relevance of the principle of "load reduction", evaluated at 9.1±0.02 on the "personal achievements" scale, correlates with the functional shifts and improvement of competitive fitness (0.622). This refers to the reduction of the total volume of swimming: from 6 km to 3 km per training session or 8.3±0.01 points on the "rationalization" scale. It should be noted that this methodological solution correlates with the principle of harmonization of the biochemical and physiological constants (pH, HR, BP, RR) and the increase in the level of elastic energy of the working muscle groups (0.502). The swimmers evaluated the improvement of the differentiated parameters of the feeling of water, rate, rhythm at 7.4±0.01 points on the "coordination" scale, which correlated with the decreased muscle stiffness (0.511).

The scientific validity of the precompetitive training efficiency growth model is obvious. The sprint trainings led to the improvement of the quality of coordination structure of the stroke, cumulative increase in the maximum (Fmax) (N) and average cycle force (Fcycle) (N), average cycle power of the stroke, and swimming rate (SR) - the basis for achieving the ultimate result [5]. Owing to the mobilization of the resistant reserves and the morphofunctional shifts achieved, 67% of swimmers reached their best shape and improved individual sports results.

Conclusions. The findings prove the effectiveness of the structural and technological modification of the precompetitive training process through the use of the result-oriented speed exercises of high intensity. The representativeness of the growth points is expressed in the achievement of the peak functional fitness rates, technical performance improvement, and higher competitive performance results.

References

1. Alekseeva O.I., Grigoriev V.I., Krylov A.I. Student sports: methodology for differentiated swimmer training. St. Petersburg: SPbSUEF publ., 2012. 100 p.
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Corresponding author: piskun@imop.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to improve the efficiency of the precompetitive training of swimmers of the university sports perfection group by increasing the number of sprint exercises against the less hours of swimming practices.

Methods and structure of the study. At the first stage of the study, 16 swimmers of the sports perfection group of the university were examined. All the subjects were aged 18-20 years and had the sports qualification of Candidate Master of Sport. The "ART-2" trial facility was used to determine the effects of sprint trainings on the biometric parameters of the training activity. At the second stage, a factor analysis was carried out. Proceeding from the analysis, a 21-day precompetitive training module was designed. It included 18 training sessions, 8 key training sessions with the selective speed-strength orientation of the performed workloads, tests, and 2 start days at the Universiade. Sprint trainings were focused on improving the biometric parameters of the swimming techniques, mobilizing the functional reserves and increasing the absolute swimming speed.

Results and conclusions. It was found that the selective development of the absolute swimming speed at the precompetitive training stage is associated with an increase in the power (Wp), rate (Sr_max), mid-cycle force (Fsr), and intra-cyclic swimming speed. The representativeness of the precompetitive training module is expressed in the achievement of the peak functional fitness rates, technical performance improvement, and higher competitive performance results. Owing to the mobilization of the resistant reserves and the morphofunctional shifts achieved, 67% of swimmers reached their best shape and improved individual sports results.