Dr. Hab., Associate Professor A.L. Oganjanov¹
Dr. Hab., Professor V.G. Nikitushkin¹
Dr. Hab., Professor A.P. Strizhak¹
PhD, Associate Professor N.G. Mikhailov^1
1Moscow City Pedagogical University, Moscow

Keywords: triple jump, jumping rhythm, phase, triple jump phase ratios, temporal and spatial control rates.

Background. The issue of triple jump phasing for efficiency has long been among the top priorities for the triple jump sport specialists since the early days of the sport discipline and the first Olympic Games when the triple jump was ranked on top of the track and field athletics program of the Olympic Games in Athens in 1896. Understanding of the ideal triple jump phase and pace structure has significantly changed with time and multiple world records, and the relevant innovations in the triple jump styles, techniques and training methods [1, 2, 4]. It should be mentioned that the triple jump rhythmic structure that primarily refers to the movement sequence phases and their ratios rather than phase lengths only, has virtually never been analyzed by the sport community [3, 5].

Objective of the study was to analyze the competitive progress specific triple jump control rhythm and aerial/ ground phase ratios for the men’s triple jump elite.

Methods and structure of the study. We used for the purposes of the study photodiode video capturing Brower system with the triple jump replay analysis (using Dartfish software), with the tests and analyses assisted by marks in the triple jump sector [3]. Subject to the analysis were the spatial and temporal rates of the aerial and ground phases in the triple jump sequence. We sampled for the study 52 elite triple jump competitors qualified Class I to WCMS to fix and analyze their individual best triple jump attempts to produce the temporal and spatial control rates. On the whole, we analyzed more than 160 competitive triple jump with 75 individual bests selected for special analysis, with the temporal and spatial control rates of 12 sport leaders obtained from the relevant video materials of the World Championships and the Olympic Games [6]. Subject to analysis were also the municipal, national and international competitive performances in the period of 2003-2019.

Results and discussion. The first stage of the study was designed to fix the competitive triple jump phases and their ratios – for the traditional hop, step and jump phases. The group rhythm and pace ratios were fixed for five approximately identical group ranges of the triple jump results (with 15 attempts in each of the five ranges) within the 14.98-18.10 m total. We fixed the actual triple jump length irrespective of the actual accuracy on the takeoff mark. Our competitive progress specific analysis of the triple jump hop, step and jump phases found the percentage shares of the hop and jump phases coming closer with the competitive progress, with the jump phase tending to grow for account of the hop phase (see Fig. 1). This last-phase growth trend was found typical of the individual bests of the sport leaders including the four-time world champion K. Taylor (18.21 m) and world record holder D. Edwards (18.29 m): 34+29+37% [6]. It should be noted that the modern men’s triple jump model for the 17.25-17.30 m range (WCMS) recommends the hop, step and jump phase ratios close to 35+30+35% (see Table 1).

Table 1. Competitive progress specific aerial/ ground triple jump phase structure, lengths, m

Figure 1. Competitive progress specific triple jump phase length ratios, % to the triple jump length

Hop, %  Step, %  Jump, %

The competitive progress specific analysis of the hop, step and jump phase length ratios showed that the hop and jump phases tend to come closer in the triple jump rhythmic structure, with the jump phase being fairly stable at around 40% in every triple jump range subject to analysis (see Figure 2). Thus the trend of the hop and jump phase times coming closer is found for the world record holder D. Edwards (18.29 m), with the individual bests generally found to vary within 30+30+40% range.

Table 2. Competitive progress specific aerial/ ground triple jump rhythm structure

Figure 2. Competitive progress specific aerial/ ground triple jump phase times, %

The study data give grounds to recommend the youth triple jump training systems giving a special priority to the right triple jump phase, pace and time control in every aerial and ground element of the movement sequence – so as to develop the perfect triple jump timing and pacing skills typical of the modern aggressive triple jump style, with the virtually the same hop and jump phases.

Conclusion. The study found the hop and jump phase ratios (%) in the men’s elite triple jump sequence coming closer with the competitive progress, with the hop phase sagging and the jump phase growing. The aerial/ ground phase ratios for the triple jump leaders including the four-time world champion K. Taylor (18.21 m) and world record holder D. Edwards (18.29 m) were found close to 35+30+35%. Therefore, we recommend a model triple jump phase ratio for the triple jump elite (WCMS) with the hop, step and jump phases close to 35+30+35%. It should be emphasized that with the competitive progress the men’s triple jump elite demonstrate the hop and jump phase ratios coming closer to ideally model the  D. Edwards’ (18,29 m) standard of 30+30+40%. With the 15.1% competitive progress (from 15.48 to 17.82 m), the triple jump time was found to grow insignificantly by 3.4% only – that may be interpreted as indicative of the competitive progress in the triple jump depending rather on the sprint speed and aerial/ ground phase speeds in every triple jump element, i.e. the individual ability to keep the top horizontal speed in every triple jump phase. Note that the competitive progress with speed correlation ratio for the last approach segment was estimated to average 0.93 in our study.

References

1. Kreer V.A., Popov, V.B. (1986) Athletics Jumps. Мoscow: Physical culture and sports. 156 p.
2. Mironenko I.N. (2006) Evolution of motor actions in jumping human locomotion. Modern view on athletic training. Proceedings of the international conference. Мoscow. pp.127 – 147.
3. Oganjanov А. L. (2005) Training management in elite jumpers. Мoscow: Fizicheskaya kultura publ.. 200 р. ISBN5-9746-0021-5
4. Popov V.B. Sports training system for qualified jumpers (theory, practice, technique). Abstract of PhD thesis. Moscow: 1988. 51 p.
5. Hay J. (1997) The case for a jump-domination technique in the triple jump. Bulletin of IAAF-NACAS, No.2 pp.14 – 21.
6. Graham-Smith P. ASPETAR. Sports medicine and science in athletics. Doha. No.19. 2019. p. 226-231.

Corresponding author: Oga2106@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to analyze the competitive progress specific triple jump control rhythm and aerial/ ground phase ratios for the men’s triple jump elite.
Methods and structure of the study. We used for the purposes of the study photodiode video capturing Brower system with the triple jump replay analysis (using Dartfish software), with the tests and analyses assisted by marks in the triple jump sector. Subject to the analysis were the spatial and temporal rates of the aerial and ground phases in the triple jump sequence. 52 elite triple jump competitors qualified Class I to WCMS were sampled for the study to fix and analyze their individual best triple jump attempts to produce the temporal and spatial control rates. A total of 160 triple jump attempts were analyzed during the Russian and international competition.

Results and conclusions. The study found the hop and jump phase ratios (%) in the men’s elite triple jump sequence coming closer with the competitive progress, with the hop phase sagging and the jump phase growing. The aerial/ ground phase ratios for the triple jump leaders including the four-time world champion K. Taylor (18.21 m) and world record holder D. Edwards (18.29 m) were found close to 35+30+35%. Therefore, we recommend a model triple jump phase ratio for the triple jump elite (WCMS) with the hop, step and jump phases close to 35+30+35%. It should be emphasized that with the competitive progress the men’s triple jump elite demonstrate the hop and jump phase ratios coming closer to ideally model the  D. Edwards’ (18,29 m) standard of 30+30+40%. With the 15.1% competitive progress (from 15.48 to 17.82 m), the triple jump time was found to grow insignificantly by 3.4% only – that may be interpreted as indicative of the competitive progress in the triple jump depending rather on the sprint speed and aerial/ ground phase speeds in every triple jump element, i.e. the individual ability to keep the top horizontal speed in every triple jump phase. Note that the competitive progress with speed correlation ratio for the last approach segment was estimated to average 0.93 in our study.