G.S. Maltsev¹
PhD, Professor F.K. Zekrin1
PhD, Associate Professor A.F. Zekrin^1
1Tchaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture, Tchaikovsky

Keywords: annual training cycle, macro-cycle, martial arts training systems, training plan, training periods, technical and tactical trainings, physical fitness.

Background. The rapidly expanding theoretical and practical provisions for the training systems on the whole and martial arts in particular help the sports communities to persistently improve the elite training systems. Innovations in the annual training cycle are always high on the list of priorities of the sport science, with the accumulated knowledge and experiences being analyzed, generalized and systematized for progress [3, 6, 7, 9]. Our analysis of the recent study reports shows that the annual training cycle design and management concepts are fundamental for the modern sports on the whole and martial arts in particular. Only when the training system is well designed and managed, the athletic fitness may be controlled so as to reach the peaks by the top-ranking seasonal competitive events. Any error in the training process design and management may be fatal for the competitive progress and the multiannual efforts of athletes and coaches. Many analysts recommend in this context that a modern annual training cycle should take benefits of the newly found training process optimizing, programming and management technologies [1, 2, 6, 7, 8].

For success in the increasingly competitive global sports, the coaches and athletes have to look for and test new efficient training methods, models and tools on a consistent and well-designed basis since spontaneous, thoughtless and arbitrary training systems are never successful in the modern elite martial arts. Despite this obvious fact, studies of the practical training models and experiences demonstrate that many coaches still underestimate or ignore the modern developments and technologies applicable for the annual training cycle improvements in elite martial arts. This is one of the reasons why the sports community and coaching experts should unite their efforts to step up the martial arts training system design and management standards based on the latest theoretical and practical developments [4, 6, 7].

Objective of the study was to analyze the modern training system design and management trends in elite martial arts.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was based on analyses of the relevant theoretical and practical literature, study reports, materials of scientific and practical conferences, monographs and dissertations.

Results and discussion. As provided by the modern research literature, an athletic training system means a training process design and management/ planning structure with the timeframes to attain the interrelated interim and final goals and fulfill the process mission [4]. An individual athletic training process may be interpreted as the multidimensional progress path with a well-though controls of multiple factors of influence on the training methods, models and tools to secure the individual progress and fitness for competitive accomplishments [6].

Modern martial arts annual training cycles are designed on a sport-specific basis, with the progress comprehensively planned and efficiently individualized to every need, factor and process aspect so as to: (1) Effectively customize the training process with contribution from the modern athletic training technologies and concepts; (2) Prudently select and harmonize the technical/ tactical training and special physical fitness components on a sound theoretical and practical basis; (3) Implement new improved martial arts training technologies and tools on a timely and efficient basis; (4) Reasonably automate the martial arts training system design, planning and control processes using modern application software toolkits; (5) Plan the individual martial arts progresses based on the progress tests and benchmarks; (6) Timely individualize the martial arts training process in every process aspect; (7) Find the most beneficial combinations and sequences of the training tools; (8) Run well-scheduled progress tests to make timely adjustments to the training systems when necessary; (9) Find and implement the most efficient post-training and post-competitive rehab systems and tools.

Thus D.V. Maksimov analyzes benefits of the biomedical progress test concept with a special priority to the elite martial arts training system customization options for the individual progress needs and specifics and the physical fitness building scenarios. He offers, among other things, the following experimentally proved provisions for elite sambo training systems:

• Precompetitive training systems will give a special priority to the technical/ tactical training and aerobic resource building components;

• Precompetitive training systems will be supported by comprehensive functionality tests all the way prior to the top-ranking seasonal event, with a special attention to whether or not the physical training system is efficient and effective enough;

• A due room will be given to the modern static/ dynamic and interval training tools for the aerobic resource building purposes; and

• Glycolytic workloads will be limited by at most 5% of the total training workload in the precompetitive training period to secure good progress in the technical/ tactical and competitive fitness building aspects [5].

B. Farzad reminds that the actual competitive schedules seldom if ever match with the ideal training process periodicity and individual competitive progress plans and, hence, the training systems need to be highly customizable to facilitate the target competitive fitness being attained as soon as possible when necessary. He demonstrates the experimentally proved benefits of an interval sprint training tools to complement the precompetitive training systems traditional for the Iranian wrestling sport elite. Thus a 4-week complementary sprint training model helped significantly improve the aerobic and anaerobic performance test rates [9].

D.V. Dugarova analyzes benefits of the new training process automation technologies for a range of sports including elite martial arts. She recommends comprehensive progress tests and analyses in the training process to prudently design and manage the training and rehabilitation systems using innovative technologies and special equipment. Thus she recommends to verify and analyze the training plans by the Polar, Navigator and Sport software toolkits – that may be also applied to efficiently manage the individual trainings and facilitate the coaching service by the training workload tracking tools versus the individual adaptability growth profiles classified by the training process intensity zones. The software tools help design new training cycles based on the past progress rates with corrections of the training process management errors to complement the training process by new contents including new technologies, physical training tools, pharmacological aids and other means [1].

Yu.Yu. Krikukha offers a ‘Champion Progress Model’ with the individual progress benchmarks for the elite wrestling sports that allows the training process being customized to the actual qualitative and quantitative progress rates in every training process aspect and domain. The Champion Progress Model sets the progress benchmarks (‘model characteristics’) based on the actual champions’ and runner-ups’ progress test data for the last two seasons. The model makes a special emphasis on the individual advantages/ strengths in the training progress planning to attain the benchmark test rates at every training process stage on the way to success ​​[3].

M.N. Shepetyuk in his model annual training cycle for elite judo competitors gives a special priority to the general and special physical fitness components and demonstrates benefits of the general / special physical fitness scheduling and harmonization elements. The general/ special physical fitness workload planning in elite judo sport is recommended being well matched with the seasonal competitive schedules with a special attention to the top-ranking event of the season. The general / special physical fitness training methods and tools are recommended being selected and managed on an age-, gender- and fitness-specific basis [8].

V.V. Zebzeev argues that the training process efficiency in the elite martial arts will be secured by the training system planning and customization elements since the traditional training process periodicity (as provided by L.P. Matveeva) can hardly if ever be applied in practice in its classical form. He offers a new training process macro-cycling model for the sambo elite driven by a ‘block periodicity’ concept; and proves its benefits by the new training process cycling model piloting experiment – that showed meaningful progress of the elite sample in the technical/ tactical fitness and competitive success rates [2].

Conclusion. The study data and analyses has shown that the training process planning and management systems should be given a high priority by the martial arts elite, with a special priority to the individual progress profiling and testing components applicable on a sport-specific basis. With the growing competitiveness and, hence, more stringent requirements to the competitive fitness, the national martial arts elite is recommended giving a special priority to the training process management, customization and individualization tools and modern progress test systems with the relevant qualitative and quantitative benchmarks for the progress management purposes.

References

1. Dugarova D.V., Petrenko G.P., Aksenov M.O. Load Planning in Sports. Vestnik Buryatskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2012. no.13. pp. 80-89.
2. Zebzeev V.V., Beglerov I.A., Mitreev S.V. Training model for elite sambo wrestlers based on block periodization of sports training. Martial Arts Training: Theory, Methods, and Practice: Proc. VI nat. res.-practical conference. Tchaikovsky, 2018. pp. 41-45.
3. Krikukha Yu.Yu., Gorskaya I.Yu. Management of qualified Greco-Roman wrestler training using “champion” model. Martial arts and combat sports. Proc. nat. res.-practical conference with international participation. M., 2016. pp. 136-141.
4. Kuznetsov M.B. On training process planning for national teams of educational organizations of Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in sambo. Actions to improve professional and physical training of cadets, students of educational organizations and employees of law enforcement agencies. Proc. XVII internat. res.-practical conference. Irkutsk, 2015. pp. 102-106
5. Maksimov D.V. Individualization of physical training of elite martial artists in preparatory period. PhD diss.. M., 2009. 170 p.
6. Maltsev G.S. Modern features of planning wrestler training. Martial Arts Training: Theory, Methods, and Practice: Proc. VI nat. res.-practical conference. Tchaikovsky, 2018. pp. 72-75.
7. Salamatov M.B., Stepanov M.Yu., Savelyev F.N. Pre-season training of elite muay thai wrestlers based on model characteristics. Kultura fizicheskaya i zdorovye. 2019. no. 1 (69). pp. 109-112.
8. Shepetyuk M.N., Jambyrbaev B.O., Ibraev R.A. Planning of general and special physical training in the annual training cycle in judo. Vestnik fizicheskoy kultury i sporta. 2017. no.3 (18). pp. 54-59.
9. Farzad B., Gharakhanlou R., Agha-Alinejad H., et al Physiological and performance changes from the addition of a sprint interval program to wrestling training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2011. no. 25(9). pp. 2392-2399

Corresponding author: mgs210292@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to analyze the modern training system design and management trends in elite martial arts.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was based on analyses of the relevant theoretical and practical literature, study reports, materials of scientific and practical conferences, monographs and dissertations.

Results and conclusions. The study made it possible to find the ways to improve the martial arts training process at the planning stage, addressing a broad spectrum of issues related to training of highly qualified martial artists. The modern trends in the martial arts training process planning are as follows: 1) introduction of the modified training process planning options; 2) structuring of the optimal annual training cycle; 3) customization of training plans; 4) development of proper qualitative and quantitative components of the training model; 5) computer-based automation of the training process planning; 6) application of various means of recovery after intensive training and competitive loads within the annual training cycle.

The study data and analyses has shown that the training process planning and management systems should be given a high priority by the martial arts elite, with a special priority to the individual progress profiling and testing components applicable on a sport-specific basis. With the growing competitiveness and, hence, more stringent requirements to the competitive fitness, the national martial arts elite is recommended giving a special priority to the training process management, customization and individualization tools and modern progress test systems with the relevant qualitative and quantitative benchmarks for the progress management purposes.