PhD, Associate Professor A.V. Antipov¹
PhD, Associate Professor I.V. Kulishenko¹
PhD, Associate Professor E.V. Shustova^1
1Moscow State Regional University, Moscow

Keywords: young population, pedagogical control, self-control, physical fitness, physical exercise, sport.

Background. The theory and methodology of physical education contain a large number of control exercises (tests) to be used by specialists to obtain objective data on the physical state of young people [1, 6].

The appropriate test procedure ensures the correct assessment of students' physical state. Test control is one of the most important professional skills that enable a specialist to dose physical loads more accurately and give more precise tasks aimed to increase the physical fitness level [2, 3]. The use of a well-chosen battery of tests, in particular those provided for monitoring, makes it possible to monitor changes in the indicators and results in the academic physical education process in terms of the same parameters [4, 5].

Objective of the study was to develop and substantiate a system of pedagogical control and self-control of the physical fitness level of the young population during physical exercises and sports activities.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was carried out on the basis of higher educational institutions of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2015-2019. Sampled for the study were 1,284 students aged 17-22 years. During physical exercises, various methods were applied to monitor the subjects' body state: pedagogical observation; questionnaire survey of the students; keeping of a diary of self-control of the current body state.

The pedagogical control of the subjects' physical development included the measurements of their body length (height) and body mass, vital capacity (VC), chest and waist circumferences, and hand dynamometry. The pedagogical control of their physical fitness included the following tests: 10x10 m shuttle run; standing long jump; sit-ups for 30 sec; bent suspension; sitting toe touches; 1,000 m run.

Results and discussion. The level of man's physical development and physical fitness is one of the informative health level rating criteria.

Within its commonly accepted meaning, physical development is understood as a complex of morphofunctional features characterizing the age-specific level of biological development of the body.

With regard to the generalized understanding of physical fitness, it is viewed as the outcome of physical training, expressed in a certain level of development of physical qualities and motor skills and abilities that are necessary for the successful performance of any type of activity (labor activity, athletic activities, etc.).

From a monitoring survey standpoint, students' physical development is to be evaluated by the anthropometric measurements that reflect the general morphological development of the human body - height, body mass, body fat, circumferential body dimensions of the main body segments.

The height to body-weight ratios in the university students of Moscow and Moscow region are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Dynamic changes in height to body-weight ratio in students

As the table shows, in recent years, there has been a positive trend in the dynamics of statistical characteristics in students, given that they are in line with the due averages. In the girls, the height rate increased by 1.9 cm and their body mass - by 2.8 kg. In the boys, the growth rate increased by 2.3 cm and their body mass - by 2.0 kg.

It is highly significant that there has been a moderate and pronounced right shift in the height and body mass rates for both girls and boys. The unequal degrees of the right-side asymmetry in the distribution curves indirectly indicate the stabilization of the acceleration process and the strengthening of the gracialization process in university students.

The analysis of the percentage of adipose tissue revealed that this body component value averaged between 23.9% and 24.6% in the girls (against a norm of 24%) and did not exceed the average of 15.4% in the boys (against a norm of 18%).

In general, it can be noted that the circumferential dimensions of the main body segments corresponded to the due age-sex values of the students' physical development. The trend data, with their slight variation, did not exceed 1% and were not statistically significant (p>0.05).

The main feature of the dynamics of physical fitness in both girls and boys is the regressive trend in the level of development of practically all the physical qualities under study. In percentage terms, this was especially noticeable when the girls performed the tests with the predominant manifestation of the speed and speed-strength abilities, as well as the static and aerobic endurance. The decrease averaged between 3.2% and 9.6%. In contrast to the girls, there was less regression in the boys, except for the results of the control tests: abdominal strength exercise and 1,000 m run. The average decrease in the test rates was equal to 4-5% (Table 2).

The study of the characteristic features of the students' physical fitness relative to the notional age-sex values showed that throughout the entire study period, the results demonstrated by the girls in the shuttle run, standing long jump, sit-ups, and sitting toe touches tests were within the conditional norm. With the due flexibility test results, there was a slight lag in motor development as shown in the bent suspension test and 1,000 m run. The static and aerobic endurance rates matched the indices of the zone of moderate hypodeviations.

Table 2. Dynamics of changes in students' physical fitness rates

Among the boys, the results in 4 motor tests corresponded to the due values: in the shuttle run, standing long jump, sit-ups, and bent suspension tests. The insufficient level of physical development was evident in the tests that characterize spine flexibility and aerobic endurance.

Conclusion. Summing up, the girls and boys were found to have a pronounced right-sided asymmetry in the run test. The rest of the control tests revealed varying degrees of left-sided  asymmetry in the random distribution curves. The prevalence of negative values in the density of distribution curves for the empirical data on the students' motor fitness rates indicated a relatively flattened distribution as compared to the normal one. Therefore, there was a moderate decline in the level of physical development and the motor fitness of the examined university students. Yet, most of the indicators corresponded to the mean values for the surveyed population, with little variation in the individual data.

References

1. Bal’sevich V.K., Lubysheva L.I. Physical culture: youth and modernity. Teoriya i praktika fiz. Kultury. 1995. No. 4. pp. 2-7.
2. Guba V.P., Presnyakov V.V. Methods of mathematical processing of results of sports and pedagogical research. M.: Chelovek publ., 2015. 288 p.
3. Guba V.P., Morozov O.S., Parfenenkov V.V. Scientific, practical and methodological foundations of academic physical education. Study guide. M.: Sovetskiy sport publ., 2008. 206 p.
4. Guba V.P., Marinich V.V. Theory and methodology of modern sports research. M.: Sport publ., 2016. 230 p.
5. Kuznetsov V.S., Kolodnitskiy G.A. Physical Education. Textbook. M.: KnoRus publ., 2014. 256 p.
6. Salov V.Yu. Theoretical and methodological foundations of healthy lifestyle cultivation among students by means of physical culture. Doct. Diss. Abstract (Hab.). St. Petersburg: SAPC publ., 2001. 55 p.

Corresponding author: alexlocomotiv@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to develop and substantiate a system of pedagogical control and self-control of the physical fitness level of the young population during physical exercises and sports activities.
Methods and structure of the study. The study was carried out on the basis of higher educational institutions of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2015-2019. Sampled for the study were 1,284 students aged 17-22 years. During physical exercises, various methods were applied to monitor the subjects' body state: pedagogical observation; questionnaire survey of the students; keeping of a diary of self-control of the current body state.

Results and conclusions. The article presents the results of the control tests designed to study the levels of morphofunctional development and physical fitness of student youth. The girls and boys were found to have a pronounced right-sided asymmetry in the run test. The rest of the control tests revealed varying degrees of left-sided  asymmetry in the random distribution curves. The prevalence of negative values in the density of distribution curves for the empirical data on the students' motor fitness rates indicated a relatively flattened distribution as compared to the normal one. Therefore, there was a moderate decline in the level of physical development and the motor fitness of the examined university students. Yet, most of the indicators corresponded to the mean values for the surveyed population, with little variation in the individual data.

The results obtained made it possible to optimize the process of physical education and selection of sports and exercises aimed to improve health and motor fitness of the young population.