Jerzy Sadowski
Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska. Department of Sports Sciences, Poland

One of the promising and dynamically developing directions of increasing the efficiency of special preparation of swimmers is the use of various means during dry-land training. The main problem of dry-land resistance training is that there is often a development of strength, power and strength endurance only in training exercise forms and not in competition-like forms, or negative transfer occurs. The size and direction of the cumulative transfer of the resistance training effect from dry-land to swimming conditions depends on the degree of copying the movement habit which occurs during swimming.
Objective of the study was to determine the type and size of the cumulative transfer of the effect of dry-land upper limb resistance training on the speed and parameters of swimming technique.
Methods and structure of the study. The study involved (n = 40) physical education students aged 21.3 ± 1.8 years, body weight: 79.1 ± 2.4 kg, body height: 179.8 ± 2.7 cm. The participants were randomly divided into three groups, i.e. two experimental groups: T (n = 16) and P (n = 12) and one control group K (n = 12). The basic research method was a twelve-week experiment. The experimental groups carried out resistance training - group T on the training simulator, group P in the form of arm stroke swimming. There was no training in group K. Control measurements included arm stroke swimming speed at a distance of 75 m during which the motor cycle length and the frequency of arm performance were determined. The measurements were carried out before and after the experiment.
Results and conclusions. A positive transfer of the cumulative effect of upper limb resistance training on swimming speed at a distance of 75 m was found in groups T and P. The training transfer was higher in group T than in group P by 0.6%.

Keywords: dry-land training, motor cycle length, ergometer, arm performance frequency

References

1. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. Academic Press, New York. 1969, 415 p.
2. Fomiczenko T.G. Siłowaja i techniczeskaja podgatowka pławcow pazlicznych wazrastnych gruppach. Fizkultura, obrazowanie, nauka. Moscow. 1998, 254 pp.
3. Magill R.A. Motor learning and control. Concepts and Applications. 2014, 479 pp.
4. Morais J.E., Silva A.J., Garrido N.D., Marinho D.A., Barbosa T.M. The transfer of strength and power into the stroke biomechanics of young swimmers over a 34-week period. European Journal of Sport Science, 2018, 18(6), pp. 1-9.
5. Naczk M., Naczk A., Brzenczek-Owczarzak W., Arlet J., Adach, Z. Impact of inertial training on strength and power performance in young active men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2016, 30(8), pp. 2107-2113.
6. Priluckij P.M., Petrowicz G.I., Paramonowa N. (2003). Ispołzowanie “siłowogo” pławanija w trenirowkie płowcow. Aktułni Probliemi Fiziczjeskoj Kułturi i Sporta, Kijew, 2003, pp. 110-114.
7. Roberts A.J., Termin B., Reilly M.F., Pendergast D.R. Effectiveness of biokinetic training on swimming performance in collegiate swimmers. Journal of Swimming Research, 1991, 7(3), pp. 5-11.
8. Sadowski J., Mastalerz A., Gromisz W., Jówko E., Buszta M. The effects of swimming and dry-land resistance training programme on non-swimmers. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2015, 22(1), pp. 35-40.
9. Zaciorski W., M., Kraemer W., J. (2006). Science and practice of strength training. Human Kinetics. 2006, 264 pp.
10. Zatoń K., Cześniewicz I., Szczepan S. Effects of Verbal Feedback on Movement Efficiency During Swimming Ergometry. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 2018, 25(3), pp. 5-9.