Dr.Hab., Associate Professor L.G. Ryzhkova¹
Postgraduate V.V. Bobkov^{1, 2
1}Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism (SCOLIPE), Moscow
²Russian State University of Oil and Gas (National Research University) n.a. I.M. Gubkin, Moscow

 

Keywords: GTO Complex, standard requirements, tested groups, functionality rates.

 

Background. A high priority in the GTO Complex tests is given to the life and health safety issues of the applied test procedures and to the facilitating provisions to help the qualifiers do their best in the tests within the healthy physiological performance range owing to high physical fitness for the tests [3, 4].

Objective of the study was to develop and test efficient test models to secure an inflow of objective cardiovascular (CVS) and respiratory (RS) performance rates in the GTO Complex test process.

Methods and structure of the study. The 17-19 year-old first-and-second-year students of Russian State Oil and Gas University named after I.M. Gubkin and 16-17 year-old senior school students (10-11 grades) of Moscow School #1282 (n=277 of both sexes) were subject to studies. The students’ functionality rates were obtained by the common test equipment currently applied in sport medicine including computerized volume-compression oscillometry system for monitoring of central hemodynamic parameters (TGosm-Globus) and MicroLoop spirometer for pulmonary function testing. The cardiovascular and respiratory system test rates were processed and analyzed to rate the trainees’ functionality and individual reserve capacities. Physical progress of the sample was rated by two-day GTO Complex test sessions with two-three-day rest and recovery breaks [2].

Upon completion of the GTO Complex tests and test data analyses, we put together the individual physical progress systems designed to secure the maximal possible progress conditional on due determinaiton of every trainee. Each progress system included individual sets of exercises customized to individual needs and bodily specifics to most effectively mobilize the individual resource and potential capacities and excel individual physical fitness in the most critical aspects [1].

Study results and discussion. Based on the primary test data, the sample was split up into the following three groups by the primary fitness levels: see Tables 1 and 2. Group A (34% of the sample) showed stability of the test rates during exercise. Group B (48% of the sample) showed progress in the following: spirometry test results, with the VC (vital capacity) and FVC (forced VC) tested to grow by 5-7% and 5% on average; cardiovascular system test rates, with the minute cardiac output rise from 3-4 to 19-22 liters; stable cardiac indices; and stable or normally rising blood pressure indices.

Group C (18% of the sample) showed a regress in the test indices as verified by the drastically falling or growing (120-125 to 145-150 mmHg) blood pressure indices; a significant regress (3.5W to 1.6W) in the left ventricular contractile force; and drops in the VC and FVC indices by 8-10%; with all these regress indices being indicative of the growing fatigue in the cardiac function tests with high pulse rate up to 150-160 beats per min and sags in the cardiac index from 5.1 to 3,2 l/min*sq.m.

 

Table 1. Pre- versus post-test computerized oscillometry rated haemodynamic indices of the sample

Cardiovascular and respiratory system test indices		Group A: pre- vs. post-test indices	Group B: pre- vs. post-test indices	Group C: pre- vs. post-test indices
Blood pressure, mm mmHg	Systolic	120 / 120	127 / 139	127 / 101
	Diastolic	70 / 67	70 / 78	79 / 62
	Mean	83 / 79	93 / 95	99 / 75
	True systolic	108 / 104	50 / 61	115 / 92
	Stroke	26 / 30	29/ 29	26 / 22
Cardiac function	HR, bpm	80 / 120	82 / 150	89 / 117
	Minute volume, l	4.1 / 19	3.5 / 21	3.1 / 11
	Cardiac index, l/min*sq.m	3.4 / 3.3	3.1 / 3.5	5.1 / 3.5
	Left ventricular contractile force	1.9 / 1.7	3 / 2.6	2.1 / 1.6
Vascular indices	Total peripheral resistance, dyn*cm/s	1229  / 1215	1151 / 1134	1553 / 1714
	Pulse wave velocity, cm/s	992  / 998	1161 / 944	1708 / 1249

 

The physical fitness tests rates showed only 7.5% (n=21), 15.8% (n=44) and 29.9% (n=83) of the sample being reasonably fit for qualifying for the GTO Gold, Silver and Bronze Badges; plus 18.05% (n=50 out of 277) of the sample diagnosed with latent health disorders which had not been found in the primary medical examinations. The latter were referred to the groups with health limitations subject to special physical practices and adapted GTO Complex tests – for the reason that they are not recommended for the standard GTO Complex tests where the physical and functional resources need to be mobilized to the maximum. However, the performance tests under physical loads showed that moderate physical loads are still recommended for 12.6% (n=35) of them. The rest of the group (28.5%) was recommended to train for the progress in one-two tests to qualify for the relevant-class GTO Gold or Silver Badge.

 

Table 2. Spirometry (pulmonary function) test indices of the sample

Test indices	Group A: pre- vs. post-test indices	Group B: pre- vs. post-test indices	Group C: pre- vs. post-test indices
VC, l	5,51/5,62	3,62/3, 78	3,00/2,78
FEV1, l	4,14/4,05	3,27/2,78	2,46/2,27
FEV1/ VC, %	75/72	90/73	82/82
FVC, l	4,82/5,12	2,80/3,13	4,54/2,31
PEF, l/min	635/660	597/550	338/550
FEV1/ FVC, %	85/80	99/89	54/99

Note: FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 sec; PEF = peak expiratory flow; VC = vital capacity; FVC = forced vital capacity

 

The physical fitness and functionality tests gave the means to compose the groups of trainees recommended to opt for an adapted version of the GTO Complex tests.  

Conclusion. Every test method to rate the reserve capacities of senior schoolchildren and university students prior to the GTO Complex tests shall produce the critical test indices to fairly assess the physical fitness, health and functionality reserves of the students. Reasonable grouping of the students is recommended for the standard and adapted GTO Complex test versions, plus groups unfit for the tests for health reasons. The students’ physical fitness and functionality tests shall be performed under control of both health experts and educators to fairly track and assess the bodily responses to specific physical loads. The tests are recommended to be designed with application of special modern health test systems to obtain more accurate test data. Such test data may be applied to reasonably individualize the physical training models for the GTO Complex tests.

 

References

1. Bobkov V.V., Chechelnitskaya S.M. Metodika otbora uchaschikhsya s OVZ dlya vypolneniya kompleksa GTO [Methodology of selection of students with disabilities for GTO complex testing]. Kultura fizicheskaya i zdorovye, 2017, no. 2(62), pp. 79-83.

2. Parkhomenko K.I. Prakticheskie aspekty organizatsii testirovaniya VFSK GTO [Practical aspects of RPhCSC GTO testing procedure]. [Electronic resource]. Available at: https://infourok.ru/prakticheskie-aspekti-gto-dlya-ovz-1475856.html

3. Polozhenie o Vserossiyskom fizkulturno-ozdorovitelnom komplekse GTO [Regulations on Russian Physical Culture and Sports GTO Complex]. Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 2013.

4. Khamitov M.I. Otsenka effektivnosti metodiki podgotovki shkolnikov k vypolneniyu normativov IV stupeni kompleksa GTO [Evaluation of efficiency of students' training methodology for implementation of stage IV GTO tests]. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoy kultury i sporta, 2017, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 107-116.

 

Corresponding author: fencing-rgufk@yandex.ru

 

Abstract

The study analyses benefits of a new students’ physical fitness and functionality rating method in trainings for the Russian Physical Culture and Sports "Ready for Labor and Defence" (GTO) Complex tests. Sampled for the study were the 17-19 year-old first-and-second-year students of Russian State Oil and Gas University named after I.M. Gubkin and 16-17 year-old senior school students from Moscow School #1282 (n=277). The sample was subject to the CTO Complex tests, with only 7.5%, 15.8% and 29.9% of the sample found fit for qualification for the GTO Gold, Silver and Bronze Badges, respectively. Furthermore, the study diagnosed 50 people (18.05%) out of 277 having latent health disorders that had not been found in the initial medical examinations. The study data and analyses give the grounds for recommendations on how the GTO Complex tests may be customized to the physical health groups of the student population.