Associate Professor, PhD D.A. Saraykin¹
Associate Professor, PhD E.L. Bacherikov²
Dr.Med., Professor J.G. Kamskova¹
Dr.Biol., Professor V.I. Pavlova^1
1South Ural State Humanitarian-Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk
²Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk

Keywords: taekwondoka, sensorimotor reaction, sensory conflict, latent period, excitability of cortical processes.

Background. Natural harmony of sensor and motor processes may by effectively hampered by sensory conflicts that tend to undermine the well-ordered processes in the functional systems responsible for sensorimotor integration [1, 6, 7, 8]. The relevant disorders in the functional systems responsible for the sensorimotor integration are manifested, above all, by the slowing-down latent simple sensorimotor response time in association with changes in the cardiac function lability i.e sags in the lability of nervous processes [2, 1, 7, 8].

Objective of the study was to analyse the lability and mobility rates of the nervous processes of direct effect on the individual speed qualities critical for competitive success in modern taekwondo.

Methods and structure of the study. A group of 18 male taekwondokas aged 18-20 years was subject to physiological studies dominated by tests of the average latent simple visual-motor response (LSVMR) time and resting heart rate. The test data were processed by a mathematical regression toolkit to obtain the cortical excitability (CE) rates as follows: CE = (10000/AT – 40)/ 30×100 (with AT meaning the average time of LSVMR).

The resultant data were used to split up the study sample into four groups, and each group was tested to obtain the average group-specific LSVMR time and HR under moderate-intensity exercise in a sensory conflict situation. The tests to obtain the average LSVMR time lasted 1min, with the responses rated by 32 signals, the number of signals being the same for the whole sample. Moderate-intensity exercises in the test were modelled by 30 squats per 45s, with HR registered using a pulse sensor. A sensory conflict situation was modelled in the LSVMR rating test by a KETLER step machine (made in Germany) with a swinging footplate designed for integrated effects on the vestibular, visual and proprioceptive analyser systems. A subject was tested by walking on the step machine with one step pressed down by the body mass and the other step raising. The movement pace was dependent only on the body mass whilst the specific load per kilo of the body mass was the same for every subject. Every subject was given 1min to find the personally comfortable pace and then immediately tested to obtain the LSVMR rate.

Study results and discussion. The resting sample-average LSVMR rate was estimated at 189±30ms that falls within the average range (of 150-250ms) for a healthy male. Group 1 was composed of 4 subjects tested with the resting LSVMR rates under 160ms (with CE above 75%); Group 2 of 8 subjects tested with the resting LSVMR rates of 161-180ms (with 50-75% CE); Group 3 of 4 subjects was tested with the resting LSVMR rates of 199-181ms (with 35-50% CE); and Group 2 of 2 subjects was tested with the resting LSVMR rates above 200ms (with CE under 35%). The LSVMR rates at rest generated by the tests are given in Table 1 hereunder.

The group-specific active-state (under physical load) LSVMR rate was higher than the resting LSVMR rate in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 by 4ms (2.8 % growth), 8ms (4.7%), 11ms (5.7%) and 12ms (5.6%), respectively. No significant differences of the active-state LSVMR rate variations versus the resting  LSVMR rate variations were found.

Table 1. Average group-specific simple visual-motor response (SVMR) time, ms

Note: significance of differences by the Student criterion is p<0.05

Growth of the LSVMR rate under physical load may be explained by the growing afferent excitation flow from the muscular proprioceptors with the excitation of a group of neurons in the cortical motor zone associated with the inhibition effects on the adjacent groups of neurons with the sagging speed of the central data processing function [1, 4, 7].

The group-specific swinging-step LSVMR rate was higher than the resting LSVMR rate in Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 by 4ms (2.76%), 13ms (7.6%), 13ms (6.74%) and 12ms (5.6%), respectively.

The average HR of the total sample was 69±14 bpm, with Group 1 HR rated at 65±8 bpm; Group 2 HR at 67±7 bpm; Group 3 HR at 68±9 bpm; and Group 4 HR at 72±12 bpm. The resting HR in each group varied within the physiological norm for a healthy male [2, 6, 5].

Total sample in the resting LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 77±12 bpm that was 8 bpm higher (by 11.6%) than the resting HR; with 15.6% of the sample showing no variation in the HR, and 5.8% of the sample tested with HR fall.

Group 1 in the resting LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 75±19 bpm (CV=24.7%) that was 12 bpm higher (by 18.5%) than the quiescent-stage HR for 83.3% of the group; with 11.9% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 4.8% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 2 in the resting LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 75±19 bpm (CV=26.3%) that was 8 bpm higher (by 11.9%) than the resting HR for 83.3% of the group; with 14.1% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 2.6% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 3 in the resting LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 83±21 bpm (CV=25.3%) that was 15 bpm higher (by 22.1%) than the resting HR for 74.4% of the group; with 18% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 7.6% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 4 in the resting LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 87±24 bpm (CV=27.6%) that was 15 bpm higher (by 20.8%) than the resting HR for 78.6% of the group; with 14.3% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 7.1% of the group tested with HR fall.

Total sample in the active-state LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 120±25 bpm (CV=20.8%) that was 17 bpm higher (by 16.5%) than the resting HR for 79.2% of the sample; with 18% of the sample showing no variation in the HR, and 6.6% of the sample tested with HR fall.

Group 1 in the active-state LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 121±20 bpm (CV=16.5%) that was 16 bpm higher (by 15.2%) than the resting HR for 79.2% of the group; with 14.3% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 7.2% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 2 in the active-state LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 119±16 bpm (CV=13.5%) that was 17 bpm higher (by 16.7%) than the resting HR for 80.6% of the group; with 10.3% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 3.9% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 3 in the active-state LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 120±15 bpm (CV=12.5%) that was 17 bpm higher (by 16.5%) than the resting HR for 72.8% of the group; with 20.5% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 7.8% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 4 in the active-state LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 122±22 bpm (CV=18.1%) that was 18 bpm higher (by 17.3%) than the resting HR for 63.9% of the group; with 21.4% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 14.2% of the group tested with HR fall.

Total sample in the swinging-step LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 95±37 bpm (CV=39.1%) that was 26 bpm higher (by 37.7%) than the resting HR for 62.4% of the sample; with 27.4% of the sample showing no variation in the HR, and 12% of the sample tested w with HR fall.

Group 1 in the swinging-step LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 96±27 bpm (CV=28.1%) that was 31 bpm higher (by 47.7%) than the resting HR for 52.8% of the group; with 28.8% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 19.2% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 2 in the swinging-step LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 90±27 bpm (CV=30.1%) that was 23 bpm higher (by 34.3%) than the resting HR for 68.9% of the group; with 26% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 6.5% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 3 in the swinging-step LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 98±32 bpm (CV=32.7%) that was 30 bpm higher (by 44.1%) than the resting HR for 57.2% of the group; with 31.2% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 13% of the group tested with HR fall.

Group 4 in the swinging-step LSVMR rating test was tested with the average HR of 95±32 bpm (CV=33.7%) that was 23 bpm higher (by 31.9%) than the resting HR for 49.7% of the group; with 35.5% of the group showing no variation in the HR, and 14.2% of the group tested with HR fall.

The growth of HR in the above LSVMR rating tests is explainable by the growing metabolic demand of cerebrum when the higher psychical functions are mobilised.

Conclusions

1. In case of borderline functional states the change in the lability of nervous processes in the central nervous system leads to slowing down of the control effects of the autonomic nervous system on the heart and blood vessels, which causes, depending on the magnitude of changes in the lability of the nervous processes, either very slow heart rate reaction (HR), or a paradoxical reaction (heart rate fall).
2. Based on the latent simple visual-motor reaction time rating performed against the background of a sensory conflict, the initially homogeneous contingent can be divided into separate groups by resistance to sensory conflicts.
3. The individual coefficient of time variation of a simple sensorimotor reaction when moving on an unstable support serves as a criterion of instability in sensory conflicts, as well as energy demand and complexity of integration of central and autonomic mechanisms [1, 6, 4, 3, 7, 8].

References

1. Bacherikov E.L., Kamskova Y.G., Avtukhovich A.I. et al. Otsenka integratsii sensomotornoy deyatelnosti po pokazatelyam labilnosti nervnoy sistemu u studentov [Evaluation of integration of sensorimotor activity by nervous system lability indices in students]. Vestnik Yuzhno-Uralskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Obrazovanie, zdravookhranenie, fizicheskaya kultura. 2009, is. 18, no.7 (140), pp. 53-54.
2. Iznak A.F. Modulyatsiya sensomotornoy deyatelnosti cheloveka na fone ritma EEG [Modulation of human sensorimotor activity against the background of EEG rhythm]. Problemy razvitiya nauchnykh issledovaniy v oblasti psikhicheskogo zdorovya [Problems of development of scientific research in the field of mental health], Moscow: 1989, pp. 3-24.
3. Pavlova V.I., Terzi M.S., Saraykin D.A. Fiziologicheskie i psikhofiziologicheskie osobennosti sensomotornoy adaptatsii u edinobortsev raznykh kvalifikatsiy [Physiological and psychophysiological features of sensorimotor adaptation in combatants of different skill levels]. Fundamentalnye issledovaniya, 2014, no. 6, vol. 7, pp 1412-1417.
4. Sivakov V.I., Sivakov D.V., Sivakov V.V. Kvantovy metod v povyshenii energosistemy sportsmenov [Quantum method to increase athletes’ energy system]. Zapiski uchenykh un-ta im. P.F. Lesgafta, 2016, no. 12 (142). pp. 116 –120.
5. Sivakov V.I. Upravlenie psikhicheskoy napryazhennostyu star­shikh doshkolnikov v protsesse fizicheskogo vospitaniya [Management of mental orientation of senior preschoolers in physical education process]. Chelyabinsk: ChSPU publ., 2015. 164 p.
6. Terzi M.S., Saraykin D.A., Pavlova V.I., Kamskova J.G. Psikhofiziologicheskie determinanty sportivnogo masterstva edinobortsev [Psychophysiological Determinants of Sports Skills of Combatants]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2014, no. 12, pp. 66– 70.
7. Altman Y.A. Fiziologiya sensornykh sistem [Physiology of sensory systems]. St. Petersburg: Paritet publ,, 2003, 352 p.
8. Raptis H.A., Dannthbaum E., Paquet N., Feldman A.G. Vestibular system may provide equivalent motor actions regardless of the number of body segments involved in the task.  J. Neurophysiol., 2007, no. 97 (6), pp. 628-634.

Corresponding author: saraykind@cspu.ru

Abstract

Physiological indices of taekwondokas are considered in case of a sensory conflict. A group of 18 male taekwondokas aged 18-20 years was subject to physiological studies, including tests of the average latent simple visual-motor response time and resting heart rate. The findings showed that in case of borderline functional states the change in the lability of nervous processes in the central nervous system leads to slowing down of the control effects of the autonomic nervous system on the heart and blood vessels, which causes, depending on the magnitude of changes in the lability of the nervous processes, either very slow heart rate reaction (HR), or a paradoxical reaction (heart rate fall). Based on the latent simple visual-motor reaction time rating in a sensory conflict situation, the initially homogeneous contingent can be divided into separate groups by resistance to sensory conflicts. The individual coefficient of time variation of a simple sensorimotor reaction when moving on an unstable support serves as a criterion of instability in sensory conflicts, as well as energy demand and complexity of integration of central and autonomic mechanisms.