Dr.Med., Professor N.Y. Prokopiev¹
Dr.Med., Professor A.M. Durov^1
1Tyumen State University, Tyumen

Keywords: physical development, boys, second childhood period, sports.

Background. Child’s physical development, functionality and adaptability rating studies in the selection/ beginner sport training stages are ranked among the top priorities in the modern medical and education sciences [4,5,9], with the objective children’s physical development rating process being possible only based on the relevant regional health standards. Since the health rating criteria are variable with time, the regional physical development standards shall be updated based on the permanent monitoring data [1, 3, 6]. It is common knowledge that 8 years is a particularly sensitive age when the child makes a transition from nursery to school education system with the relevant drastic changes in lifestyle and motor activity [6]. Therefore, special efforts need to be taken to trace at least the physical development process variations in the medical and educational contexts, particularly in the sporting children [1-3].

Objective of the study was to make a comparative analysis of the 8 year-old boys’ physical development data (classified by the key somatotypes) mined in 2005, 2010 and 2016 in the beginner athletic training groups in Tyumen.

Methods and structure of the study. The physical development classified by body types (asthenic, thoracic, masculine and abdominal) was rated by the following anthropometrical measurements: body length and mass; trunk and limbs length; chest, shoulder, thigh and shin circumferences; and shoulders and pelvis width. The body types were classified as provided by the V.G. Shtefko and A.D. Ostrovsky method (1929). The study data were processed by the standard mathematical processing toolkit using the Student t-criterion. The study data were mined in 2005, 2010 and 2016 in Tyumen. It should be noted that at least three generations of the young athletes’ families have lived in Tyumen city.

Study results and discussion. We consider the body mass and length measurements an integral indicator of individual physical development widely variable in the 8 year olds with different body types. The highest variations of the anthropometrical measurements were found in the thoracic body type over the study period. Going second in the anthropometrical variations was the asthenoid type: see Table 1.

Table 1. Physical development rates of the Tyumen junior (8 y.o.) athletes (n = 50) at the first stage (2005) of the study (М ±m)

Average body length of the asthenoid-type subjects equalled 126.23±0.80cm in 2005 versus 130.37±0.79cm in 2016; that means that the body length of the asthenoid-type subjects has grown significantly (p<0.05) by 4.14cm for the period of 2005 through 2016. Body length increments classified by the body types within a certain timeframe were found clearly regular, with the subjects of the masculine and abdominal types showing the minimal progress.

Table 2. Physical development rates of the Tyumen junior athletes (n = 52) at the second stage (2010) of the study (М ±m)

For the period of 2005 through 2016, the average body mass was found to have grown significantly (p<0.05), with the body mass of the asthenoid, thoracic, masculine and abdominal-type subjects measured to grow by 1.35kg, 1.53kg, 1.92kg and 4.76kg, respectively. It should be noted that the study of 2005 found the body mass of the thoracic and asthenoid -type subjects being the highest and lowest, respectively: see Table 2.

Table 3. Physical development rates of the Tyumen junior athletes (n = 69) at the third stage (2016) of the study (М ±m)

Differences in the trunk/ arm/leg length were found insignificant across the classified body types (p>0.05).

Shoulder/ thigh/ shin circumferences are commonly known to be indicative of the limb masses and, hence, potential progress and selection in sports [7, 8], with the chest circumference ranked among the most important anthropometrical measurements as well. The chest circumference was rated at 59.09±0.57cm, 60.49±0.65cm and 61.17±0.69cm in 2005, 2010 and 2016, respectively, with the absolute average grow of 2.08cm: see Table 3. Furthermore, the masculine-type subjects showed the highest progress in the shoulder/ thigh/ shin circumferences for the study period, with the thigh and shin circumferences increased by 0.57cm and 0.30cm on average, respectively; and with the asthenoid-type subjects lagging behind the others in the progress rates.

Widths of shoulders and pelvis are ranked among the key anthropometrical measurements. In our study data arrays, the thoracic and masculine-type subjects were leading in progress measured by the width of shoulders. Thus, the thoracic and masculine-type subjects made progress of 0.12cm and 0.25cm in the width of shoulders for the period of 2005-2016, respectively. The asthenoid-type subjects showed the minimal progress in the pelvis width for the whole study period (2005-2016) versus the other body types. It was tested to grow in the asthenoid, thoracic, masculine and abdominal-type subjects by 0.85cm, 0.99cm, 1.14cm and 2.2cm, respectively.

Conclusion

• Asthenoid and thoracic type subjects are more common among the tested Tyumen junior athletes at the beginner stage (2005), with the share of abdominal type ones tested to grow by 2016 with the associating growth of body mass and length. The body length increments for certain time periods were found the least in the masculine and abdominal types.
• Arm growth was less notable versus that of legs, with the growth classified by body types showing insignificant differences and reaching the natural maximums by 2016.
• Growth of the chest/ shoulder/ thigh circumferences was less expressed in the thoracic, masculine and abdominal-type subjects, particularly in the tests of 2016, with the growth of shoulder/ pelvis widths being minimal for the asthenoid type.

References

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Corresponding author: pronik@mail.ru

Abstract

The authors make a comparative analysis of the 8 year-old (as of 2005) boys’ physical development data (classified by the key body types) mined in 2005, 2010 and 2016 in the beginner sports training groups in Tyumen. The physical development classified by the body types (asthenoid, thoracic, masculine and abdominal) was rated by the following anthropometrical measurements: body length and mass; trunk and limbs length; chest, shoulder, thigh and shin circumferences; and shoulder and pelvis width. The study data demonstrated the asthenoid and thoracic body types being dominating at the first stage (2005) of the study versus the final stage (2016) when the abdominal type was dominant. The summarized body anthropometrical measurements (including body mass and length) of the sample were found to notably grow for the study period in the natural growth acceleration process. The study data and analysis confirmed the need for the regional children’s physical development standards being developed and updated on a regular basis for the sensitive growth periods. The study data and findings may be beneficial for physical education and sports specialists when elaborating children’s physical education programs, selecting children for sport groups and facilitating their own athletic identification.