Y.G. Kalinnikova¹
PhD, Associate Professor E.S. Inozemtseva¹
Dr.Med., Professor L.V. Kapilevich^{1, 2
1}National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk
²National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk

Keywords: rhythmic load, aerobics, electromyography.

 Introduction. At this time, we have obtained information on the specific mechanisms of influence of musical rhythm on the psychomotor system, vegetative and somatic functions, and human brain in general [7, 8]. There are experimental data to confirm the physiological impact of music on the human body. These data indicate that the rhythms of various body functions are closely associated with the brain rhythms [4, 5]. External stimuli can not only activate or suppress the brain functions but also change the emotional and physical state of a person [6, 9]. The most efficient tool of the psycho-physiological mechanism of influence of music on the human body is a dynamic stereotype - a coherent system of connections in the cerebral cortex, formed from multiple responses to several stimuli on the same order [1, 2].

A major role in the formation of the dynamic stereotype is played by the neural rhythmicity, and consequently, by the characteristics of musical illustration, which possesses such rhythmic properties as rhythm, meter, pace. However, musical sound itself is a rhythmically organized phenomenon [3].

Objective of the study was to rate effects of variable rhythmic loads on the athlete's functional status.

Methods and structure of the study. During the study we determined the following:

• the effects of physical loads of different rhythm-tempo structure (S (slow) - 115-125 bpm, M (medium) - 125-140 bpm, F (fast) - 140-160 bpm - integrated monitoring and electroencephalography;

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  the effect of musical illustration (S (slow) - 115-125 bpm, M (medium) - 125-140 bpm, F (fast) - 140-160 bpm) - electroencephalography;

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  the combined effect of musical illustration and physical loads of different rhythm-tempo structure - electroencephalography.

Results and discussion. During electroencephalography we found that listening to rhythmic music contributes to the coherence of the electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. For the alpha band activity, this effect was more pronounced in the frontal lead, whereas for the theta band it was more pronounced in the occipital lead. The most remarkable effect was observed when listening to music with the RTS of maximum frequency. Physical load with different rhythm-tempo structure suppressed coherence, while for the alpha activity the effect was more pronounced in the low frequencies, for the theta activity, on the contrary, at high frequencies. Listening to music after physical loads helps increase the coherence index (in some cases, even higher than the background values), this effect was most pronounced when listening to music with the rhythm-tempo structure of low frequency.

According to the electroneuromyographic study, the rhythmic load of 125-140 bpm - M (medium) - promotes more effective relaxation of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh during the aerobics classes; 140-160 bpm – F (fast) – increases the latency period of the M-response, which characterizes the speed of impulse transmission in the neuromuscular contact zone, and decreases the nerve conduction velocity in the motor fiber.

The psycho-physiological study revealed that an increase in the rhythm of music used at aerobics classes leads to an increase in the level of anxiety of female students; changes in the rhythm-tempo structure did not affect the indicators of mental arousal, interest, emotional tone, tension and comfort; rhythmic load M (medium) – 125-140 bpm – was found to contribute to the improvement of the current subjective health status of female students.

Conclusions. The development of forecast algorithms for a number of psycho-physiological responses under variable physical loads with due consideration for the primary body functional state will make it possible to not only prevent complications, but also to improve the efficiency of the training process via better mobilization of the bodily resources, higher resistance to physical and mental loads, faster adaptation to the ever-changing external environments. One of the approaches to this problem is health improvement aerobics, which is characterized by the following features: prudent design of training sessions with their elements focused on different functionality aspects; perfect execution techniques with due load management; and encouraging music with appropriate rhythm and tempo.

Different rhythm-tempo lesson structure has a different effect on the same body systems. Excessively high rhythmic load can lead to depletion of the body reserves, fatigue and even loss of consciousness. To prevent this, one should be aware of the baseline and consider the dynamics of changes in the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems of the body. Organization of the training process using the forecast algorithms will help optimize the rhythm of students' motor load.

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2. Melnikova T.S., Lapin I.A., Sarkisyan V.V. Obzor ispolzovaniya kogerentnogo analiza EEG v psikhiatrii [Coherent EEG analysis in psychiatry: utilization review]. Sotsialnaya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya, 2009, no. 1, pp. 90-94.

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6. Kalinnikova Yu.G., Inozemtseva E.S., Galazhinskiy E.V. Vliyanie ritmicheskikh nagruzok na formirovanie kogerentnykh svyazey v strukturakh mozga i variabelnost serdechnogo ritma [Effects of rhythmic workloads on coherent communication being formed in cerebral structures and on heart rate variability]. Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury, 2016, no. 10, pp. 83-85.

7. Kalinnikova Yu.G., Inozemtseva E.S., Galazhinskiy E.V. Kogerentny analiz EEG pri fizicheskikh nagruzkakh i zvukovom soprovozhdenii razlichnoy ritmotempovoy struktury [Analysis of EEG Coherence Effects of Physical Loads and Rhythmic Auditory Stimulation]. Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kultury, 2015, no. 11, pp. 36-38.

8. Kalinnikova Yu.G., Inozemtseva E.S., Galazhinskiy E.V. Vliyanie fizicheskikh nagruzok i zvukovogo soprovozhdeniya razlichnoy ritmo-tempovoy struktury na bioelektricheskuyu aktivnost golovnogo mozga [Effect of exercise and sound accompaniment with different rhythm and tempo on brain bioelectrical activity]. Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kultury, 2015, no. 7, pp. 5-7.

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Objective of the study was to rate effects of variable rhythmic loads on the athlete's functional status. The physiological and psycho-physiological responses to physical loads in the female athletes engaged in aerobics were proved to be largely dependent on the rhythm and pace of the musical illustration, with the latter found to contribute to the coherence of the electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. On the other hand, physical loads to music of inappropriate rhythm and tempo were found to suppress the coherence. Forecast algorithms for the psycho-physiological responses under variable physical loads need to be developed with due consideration for the primary body functional state; and the algorithms could be beneficial for the training process efficiency improvement via better mobilisation of the bodily resources; higher resistance to physical and mental loads; and faster adaptation to variable external environments. Fitness aerobics may facilitate the trainees’ progress conditional on the following: prudent design of the training sessions with their elements focused on different functionality aspects; perfect execution techniques with due load management; and encouraging music with appropriate rhythm and tempo.