PhD, Associate Professor V.V. Cherkasov¹
Associate Professor I.A. Ilyinykh¹
Master's student I.A. Starykh¹
PhD, Associate Professor Т.V. Kalashnikova^2
1D.I. Mendeleev Tobolsk Pedagogical Institute, Tyumen State University Branch, Tobolsk
²National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk

 Keywords: biathlon, sport excellence stage, special endurance, pre-season.

 Introduction. Special physical training of biathletes based on the speed-strength endurance manifestations is one of the most significant components of the sports training system. At the stage of sport excellence it takes up to 40% of the total volume of special training and up to 27% of the total volume of load. At the same time, training of a close sports reserve should be planned in light of the increasing requirements for the level of sports skills of elite athletes, which, at the sport excellence stage, is provided by the redistribution of the total volumes of training loads in the regimes typical of the competitive exercise load [3, 6]. This circumstance necessitates the search for the adequate training means and the need to strengthen the role of the individualized and differentiated approach to training of senior male biathletes [1].

According to the analysis of scientific researches, special physical training of biathletes involves a wide variety of speed and strength endurance developing techniques [2, 5]. Meanwhile, the issues related to the individualization of the training process, selection of effective age-specific means, corresponding to the psychophysical capabilities of senior male biathletes, are still relevant.

Objective of the study was to prove the effectiveness of the methods of development of special endurance in 16-18-year-old biathletes based on the load redistribution at different stages of pre-season training with due regard to the individual parameters of their physical fitness.

Methods and structure of the study. The study was conducted in two stages in the period from 2015 to 2016 and involved the groups of sport excellence in biathlon. At the first stage, during the four months of the pre-season period, three differently directed training programs were tested: with concentrated development of special strength endurance; with concentrated development of special speed endurance; using the means from the first and second groups in an equal proportion. Each program lasted 6 micro-cycles on the average. To conduct a detailed study of the biathletes’ fitness level a comprehensive survey was conducted upon completion of each training program. The survey results were subject to a factor analysis, which allowed determining the effects of different means on physical and functional fitness of athletes in the pre-season period [5].

At the second stage of the experiment, we conducted an educational experiment at the premises of the Children’s and Youth Sports School, Uvat settlement, and RSCYORSS, Tyumen. Subject to the experiment were 20 senior male biathletes, divided into Reference (RG) and Experimental (EG) Groups, 10 people each. All subjects belonged to the 1st category and Candidate Masters of Sports. The RG was trained in accordance with the standard training program.

Based on the integrated control and factor analysis results obtained at the first stage of the experiment, individual training plans for the EG biathletes were developed; they differed in the individual parameters of training loads (duration of exercises, number of repetitions, energy supply regime, rest breaks, tempo structure of distance run, etc.), but with the training orientation common to the whole group. The experimental methodology implied a consistent application of the means of special speed and strength endurance in the pre-season period at the following ratio: 30%:70% in the first meso-cycle, 50%:50% in the second and 40%:60% in the third one.

The number of conditioning means applied in both of the groups was identical and correlated with the main provisions of the training program for biathletes at the sport excellence stage.

Results and discussion. At the beginning of the experiment, statistically significant differences were not found between the groups in both physical and functional fitness levels (p≥0.05). The final testing results showed a general significant increase in the special physical fitness indices in the representatives of both groups (Table 1). At the same time, the EG biathletes’ indicators were statistically significantly higher (p≤0.05) than those in the RG.

 Table 1. Special physical fitness indices in senior male biathletes at different stages of the experiment, Х±σ

 The analysis of the dynamics of sports achievements showed that the time of covering the 10 km distance, both with and without shooting, increased on the average by 0.7% for the EG biathletes and by 0.4% for the RG ones. The increase in the speed component, which characterizes the athletes’ bodily ability to use the available reserves in order to maintain the desired running speed, in terms of the speed margin index, equaled 39%, and in terms of the speed endurance coefficient - 34.1%. In the RG, similar indicators increased by 26.2% and 24%, respectively. The strength endurance coefficient increased by 40% in the EG versus 23.4% in the RG.

The analysis of changes in the biathletes’ functional indicators during the experiment revealed the most significant improvement of the functional capacities in the EG athletes (Table 2).

 Table 2. Functional test results in senior male biathletes at different stages of experiment, Х±σ

 At the final stage of the experiment, the functional test results of the EG biathletes exceeded those of the RG ones: in terms of the Harvard step test - by 2.1% (p≤0.05), in terms of MOC - by 3.3% (p≤0.05), in terms of VC - by 2.8% (p≤0.05), in terms of the Timed Expiratory Capacity test - by 0.9% (p≥0.05).

Conclusion. The testing results obtained in both groups showed a general significant increase in all indicators. On the average, the EG functionality increased by 5% (p≤0.01); special endurance increased by 38% (p≤0.01). Similar indicators in the RG increased by 2.6% and 24.5%, respectively, being significant at the 5% level.

In general, the study data and analyses showed benefits of the proposed training model as verified by the significant (p≤0.05) differences in the progress of the Experimental Group versus the Reference Group in terms of the special physical fitness indices and the majority of the functional indicators (except for the Timed Expiratory Capacity test).

 References

1. Gibadullin I.G., Mironov A.Y., Zvereva S.N. Individualizatsiya trenirovochnogo protsessa biatlonistov na osnove bioenergeticheskikh tipov [Individualization of training process of biathletes based on bioenergetic types]. Pedagogiko-psikhologicheskie i mediko-biologicheskie problemy fizicheskoy kultury i sporta, 2010, no. 1 (14), pp. 107-111.

2. Dunaev K.S., Seyranov S.G. Nekotorye voprosy podgotovki starshikh yunoshey-biatlonistov v podgotovitelnom periode trenirovki [Some issues of senior male biathletes' pre-season training]. Universitetskiy sport: zdorovye i buduschee obschestva. Mater. Vsemirnoy zimney konferentsii FISU "Innovatsii–Obrazovanie–Sport" [University sport: health and future of society. Proc. FISU World Winter Conference "Innovation-Education-Sport"] Almaty: KAST publ., 2017, pp. 91-93.

3. Nikitushkin V.G., Kvashuk P.V., Bauer V.G. Organizatsionno-metodicheskie osnovy podgotovki sportivnogo rezerva [Organizational and methodological basics for sport reserve training]. Moscow: Sovetskiy sport publ., 2005, 232 p.

4. 0tarykh I.A., Cherkasov V.V. Ispolzovanie differentsirovannogo podkhoda pri planirovanii nagruzki biatlonistov 16-17 let v letnem podgotovitelnom periode [Differentiated approach in load planning for 16-17 year-old biathletes in summer pre-season]. Mezhdunarodny zhurnal ekonomiki i obrazovaniya [International Journal of Economics and Education], 2016, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 55-62.

5. Farbey V.V., Dunaev K.S. Eksperimentalnoe issledovanie vliyaniya napravlennosti trenirovochnogo protsessa na povyshenie urovnya podgotovlennosti biatlonistov [Experimental study of the effect of training process focused on improvement of biathletes' fitness]. Uchenye zapiski un-ta im. P.F. Lesgafta, 2011, no. 3 (73), pp. 190-194.

6. Illarionova A.V., Kapilevich L.V. Osobennosti vnutrimyshechnoy i mezhmyshechnoy koordinatsii pri dozirovanii usiliy v usloviyakh neustoychivogo ravnovesiya [Distinctive features of intramuscular and intermuscular coordination at power graduation in the context of balance training]. Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kultury, 2014, no. 12, pp. 44-46.

 Corresponding author: vtkalash@yandex.ru

 Abstract

Modern biathlon training systems give a special priority to the speed and strength building practices viewed as a basis for special physical fitness. However, forced high-intensity training of junior athletes may be detrimental in the short and long run. This is the reason why the sport science takes efforts to find the best load control options for every age group with the relevant most effective athletic training methods and tools. The study offers an experimental special endurance-building model for sport excellence groups in biathlon that is designed based on the individualised training load controls and prudently selected sets of the special endurance building tools at every stage of pre-season. The article offers the experimentally proven controlled special speed and strength endurance building process model for the training meso-cycles at the special pre-season training stages. The study data and analyses showed benefits of the proposed training model as verified by the significant differences in the progress of the Experimental Group versus Reference Group; and, therefore, the training model may be recommended for application in the training process of junior biathletes.