PhD, Associate Professor T.N. Shutova
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow

Keywords: students, fitness technologies, physical education, individualized approach, basic and special health groups, diagnostics.

Introduction. What we need today is an innovative university physical education system based on the fundamental scientific support, which would give a sense of purpose and combine various directions of physical education theory reorganization [1, 2, 6]. At the same time, from course to course, physical activity of the majority of students decreases. Thus, by the 4^th year of studies the level of physical fitness decreases in 65% of students, 30-46% of females and 15-20% of males have a low level of functional state, what is more, 46% of students are diagnosed with chronic diseases [3]. The problem in the training session modeling concerns the methods of teaching special health group students; ways of integration of traditional and innovative means of physical culture; individualized and activity approaches; implementation of fitness technologies that provide high motor density of the training sessions, development of physical fitness, correction of physical state and self-improvement of students [4, 7]. Even more significant difficulties are connected with the issue of using physical education of students for the purpose of solving a complex of socio-cultural and pedagogical problems.

In this context, it is necessary to improve the academic physical education system, one of the most important directions of which is fitness technologies. In scientific literature, the term technology comes from the Greek techne - art, skill, logos - teaching, and collectively - as a system of methods, means, steps, the sequence of which provides the solution to the tasks.

Modern technologies in the field of physical culture can be of different orientation: health and fitness, sports and training, medial and preventive, psychological and pedagogical. Fitness technologies, as noted by E.G. Saykina [5], are divided into educational, recreational (aerobics, pilates, artistic gymnastics, water aerobics, combined programs, etc.), rehabilitation (water fitness, fitness-yoga, stretching, combined programs, artistic gymnastics) and sports (CrossFit, fitness aerobics, functional training, cycling). According to the competency building approach, any technology contains a conceptual part (leading positions, value orientations, principles of organization, diagnostic purposes), an instrumental part (step-by-step activity description with the indication of the means and methods of goal achievement), diagnostic support (in our study – based on the "ESTECK System Complex").

Fitness programs are divided into aerobic, power, combined, dance, with the elements of martial arts, "Body Mind" [4]. There are also five approaches to the development of fitness programs: eclectic (based on cultural traditions), synergistic (integration, consistency), tradition-based, synthetic (traditions and innovations), diversification (multiplicity of options for one type of fitness classes) [5]. The programs are classified according to target, age characteristics, technical equipment, functional impact. Fitness programs are innovative, integrative, modifiable, variable, adaptable to different contingents of trainees, esthetically viable, promoting health.

The analysis of the fitness system development revealed the following main directions of health-improvement training: group study programs, health-improving technologies with the use of simulators, water programs, sport games, recreational physical culture for children, etc.

Objective of the study was to improve the socio-pedagogical efficiency of university physical culture by means of fitness technologies.

Methods and structure of the study. The educational experiment was conducted at the premises of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics and involved the 1^st-2^nd-year students of the Physical Education faculty (2016-2017). Subject to the study were 1155 people in total (805 females and 350 males). In the educational process, 50% of the total hours allotted for physical education were fitness technologies and 50% traditional kinds of sport. To simulate the educational process, at the beginning of the academic year we conducted a comprehensive diagnosis. The study was carried out using the diagnostic system ESTECK System Complex, including bioimpedansometry, digital pulse wave analysis, digital heart rate variability analysis.

The results were retrieved using 6-channel cross-track scanning. Based on the data obtained, in one of the groups we implemented the selected fitness models with the programs customized to students’ "fitness profiles" (high, average and low).

Results and discussion. The baseline heart rate values (Table 1) in the basic health group students corresponded to the normal values (65-85 bpm), and in the special health group HR was found to be increased, both in females - 94.7 bpm and males - 88.2 bpm. The double product (CVS regulation) in the males corresponded to the average level of regulation (81-90 c.u. – average level), while in the females of both basic and special health groups the level of regulation was low (100 c.u. and higher - low level). The study found that all subjects had low Ruffier index values (the cardiac muscle response to physical load), so the results obtained were within the range of 12.4 - 14.0 c.u. - average cardiac distress, while the "good" response to physical load should be at the level of 7-9 c.u. (see Table 1).

 Table 1. Functional state indicators in students, ±σ

Note:  – arithmetic mean value, σ – mean square deviation; PVR – peripheral vascular resistance, CO – cardiac output, double product – cardiovascular system regulation (c.u.)

The blood pressure (Table 1) values in males and females, of both basic and special health groups, corresponded to the normal values (120/80 mmHg). The peripheral vascular resistance in all subjects also corresponded to the physiological norm - from 1181 to 1449 mm (norm - 900-1500 ml). At the same time, it should be noted that in females the result of 1406-1449 ml, which was close to the normal limits, was primarily due to hypodynamia, inability to fulfill the physiological norm of walking, which is 10 thousand steps a day.

The young males were found to have the low VC rates: 3560 - 3604 ml (norm - 3500-4800 ml), the results were close to the lower limit of the norm; the VC rates in the girls did not correspond to the norm (2500-3600 ml), for instance, in the basic health group it equaled 2215 ml, in the special one - 2100 ml, which indicates the low level of functional capabilities of the external respiration and insufficient maximum respiratory surface area.

The integral estimation of the functional state using the ESTECK System Complex indicated that both males and females had a "good" level - 86.0-90.5 points (90-100 points - "good" and 70-90 points - "satisfactory"). At the same time, it should be emphasized that, against the background of the good overall functional state of the basic and special health group students, the CVS response to physical loads was rated as low, the CVS regulation in the females - low, VC - low, from whence it is necessary to design fitness models of recreational orientation, especially for females. The analysis of the body component composition revealed that in the 1^st-2^nd-year students all indices were within the normal range, regardless of the health group they belonged to (see Figure 1).

Fig.1. Baseline indices of body component composition in students,%

The indices of the body water fraction, fat and muscle components, as well as the body mass index were within the normal range (see Figure 1); however, it should be noted that in the special health group females the fat component equaled 26% and, therefore, the volume of their motor activity during the day needs to be increased.

Conclusions. The fitness models for the basic health group males can be designed based on the sports and recreational technologies applying elements of body building, CrossFit, martial arts, functional training, combined programs, TRX etc. The models for the special health group males can be designed based on the relevant recreational and rehabilitation technologies with elements of water fitness, special body-building systems, billiards, circuit fitness training, kettlebell gymnastics, adapted combined programs etc. The basic health group females were recommended to apply competitive disciplines in the second year; whilst their first-year training models were dominated by recreational disciplines including water aerobics, body building, low- and moderate-intensity step-aerobics, moderate-intensity Tae Bo, and combined programs. And fitness models for the special health group females were designed to include elements of water fitness, billiards, pilates, yoga, body-building, health gymnastics, physical therapy, fitball-gymnastics and stretching.

References

1. Andryushchenko L.B., Allyanov Y.N. Samoobrazovatelnaya deyatelnost po distsipline «Fizicheskaya kultura» v vuze [Self-study of Physical Education in university]. Moscow: FU publ., 2014, 192 p.
2. Andryushchenko L.B., Andryushchenko O.N. Kompetentnostno orientirovannaya rabochaya programma po distsipline «Fizicheskaya kultura» [Competency-building Physical Education work program]. Materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-metodicheskoy konferentsii "Strategiya razvitiya sportivno-massovoy raboty so studentami" [Proc. All-Rus. scie.-method. conference "Strategy for the development of sports and mass work with students"]. 2015, pp. 24-30.
3. Beletskiy S.V. Vliyanie informatsionnykh tekhnologiy na formirovanie kompetentsiy po teoreticheskim osnovam fizicheskoy kultury [Building competences on theoretical foundations of physical education using information technologies]. Vestnik Rossiyskogo ekonomicheskogo universiteta imeni G.V. Plekhanova, 2015, no. 4 (82), pp. 14-22.
4. Burkhanov A.I. Fizicheskaya kultura kak vazhny faktor formirovaniya zdorovya natsii [Physical education as key factor in national health provision]. Materialy mezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. konf. "Sovremennye problemy i perspektivy razvitiya fizicheskoy kultury, sporta, turizma i sotsialno-kulturnogo servisa" [Proc. internat. res.-pract. conf. "Physical culture, sports, tourism and sociocultural services: current problems and prospects for development"]. Naberezhnye Chelny: Volga region SAPCST publ., 2015, pp. 49 – 51.
5. Grigoryev V.I., Davidenko D.N., Malinina S.V. Fitnes-kultura studentov: teoriya i praktika. Uch. posobie [Students' fitness culture: theory and practice. Study guide]. St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg SUEF publ., 2010, 228 p.
6. Saykina E.G., Ponomarev G.N. Fitnes-tekhnologii: ponyatie, razrabotka i spetsificheskie osobennosti [Fitness technologies: concept, development and specific features]. Fundamentalnye issledovaniya publ., 2012, pp. 890 - 894.
7. Stolyar K.E., Vit'ko S.Y., Pikhaev R.R., Kondrakova I.V. Organizatsionno-metodicheskie podkhody k kompleksnoy otsenke fizicheskoy podgotovlennosti studentov [New institutional and practical system for students' integrated physical fitness rating]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2016, no.9, pp. 9-11.
8. Shutova T.N., Kuz'min M.A., Kondrakov G.B., Mamonova O.V. Model integratsii traditsionnykh vidov sporta i fitnesa v fizicheskom vospitanii studentov [Traditional sports and fitness integration model for academic physical education]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. 2016, no.9, pp. 19-21.
9. Shutova T.N., Andryushchenko L.B. Fitnes-tekhnologii dlya povysheniya dvigatelnoy aktivnosti molodezhi na osnove globalnogo podkhoda [Young people's motor activity encouraging fitness technologies based on global approach]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2017, no. 3, pp. 54-56.
10. Haff G.G., Haff E.E. Training integration and periodization. NSCA’s program design. National Strength and Conditioning Association; ed. J.R. Hoffman. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2012, 325 p.

Corresponding author: tany-156@rambler.ru

Abstract

The article considers the ways to improve the academic physical education by fitness technology models customised for the student’s “fitness profile” health groups composed based on the test data provided by ESTECK System Complex including the body component analysis, digital heart rate variability analysis etc. An education process experiment under the study was performed at Plekhanov Russian University of Economics. Subject to the study were 1155 first-to-second year students including 805 female and 350 male subjects.

The students were tested with “good” functionality rates albeit low responses to physical loads, low heart rate regulation, particularly in the female subjects; and the fitness technologies were applied at the primary stage of the recreation and rehabilitation process.

The fitness models for the basic health group students were designed based on the modern sporting and recreational fitness technologies applying elements of body building, CrossFit, martial arts, functionality building training, mixed systems, TRX etc. And models for the special health group males were designed based on the relevant recreation and rehabilitation technologies with elements of aquatic fitness, special body-building systems, billiards, all-round fitness trainings, kettlebell gymnastics, adapted combined systems etc. Females of the basic health group were recommended to apply competitive disciplines in the second year; whilst their first-year training models were dominated by recreational disciplines including aquatic aerobics, athletic gymnastics, low- and moderate-intensity step-aerobics, moderate-intensity Tae Bo, and combined systems. And fitness models for the females of the special health group were designed to include elements of aquatic fitness, billiards, pilates, yoga, body-building, health gymnastics, physical therapy, fitball-gymnastics and stretching.