PhD, Associate professor A.A. Povzun
PhD, Associate professor V.V. Apokin
Dr.Hab., Professor V.D. Povzun
Postgraduate N.R. Usaeva
PhD O.N. Shimshieva
Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: biological rhythm, chronobiological analysis, adaptive response, exercise.

Introduction. Speaking of the necessity and importance of the control over adaptive processes in the body of athletes, who are regularly exposed to intensive exercise, we have more than once emphasized the role of the biorhythmological approach, providing fast and inexpensive assessment of the state of these capabilities, thus reducing the "physiological cost" of high sports results. This "cost" is of particular concern when it comes to junior athletes, as a growing organism responds primarily to the changes in rhythmostasis [10]. In sport practice, such problems occur most frequently during the zone time offset, when the body feels the effects of latitudinal relocation across several time zones, which will undoubtedly affect its functional and adaptive capabilities. It is important to emphasize that adaptive capabilities of Yugra athletes of different age groups, which we estimated from the perspective of the biorhythmological approach, differ significantly from each other, and, in spite of the high level of sport skills, mature athletes demonstrated a significantly lower level of these capabilities compared to junior athletes. Of course, the reasons for these differences may be associated with both age-related changes and climatic conditions, they may be determined by the level of physical activity, and even the peculiarities of the sport discipline. All these factors in total, someway or other, determine the general adaptive capacity, which is characterized by the value of the index of functional changes and which role in the reduction of the "physiological cost", according to our information, is not high [2, 7]. The analysis of the impact of climatic factors on adaptive capabilities of the body of athletes did not reveal any fundamental differences either [3, 4, 11]. Therefore, we are interested in the gender aspect, since the results obtained during the comparison of adaptive capabilities of the male and female parts of the team of elite swimmers after the transzonal flight turned out to be considerably and significantly different [8, 9].

Objective of the study was to analyze the impact of the zone time offset on the state of adaptive capabilities of the body of athletes after flying across several time zones.

Methods and structure of the study. The logic and methodology of the research are described in detail in the current work [12]. Physiological indicators were measured in 18 female athletes of 16-18 years of age specializing in speed-strength (sprint) kinds of athletics. The obtained data were subjected to the standard mathematical processing using FARS software application [5]. Daily average value (mesor), rhythm amplitude, time of the maximum function value (acrophase) and fluctuation amplitude (chronodesm) were assessed.

Results and discussion. The boundary results are presented in Tables 1-4.

Table 1. Change in circadian organization of daily average values (mesors)

Table 2. Change in circadian organization of amplitudes

Table 3. Change in circadian organization of acrophases

Table 4. Change in circadian organization of amplitudes

First, we should note that all of the major trends in the dynamics of the indicators and structure of the rhythm in girls are similar to those in boys. The functional capabilities of female athletes remain unchanged, which means that the three-hour offset of the zone time is not a significant load for a young organism, which is not always the case [1, 10]. There is also a rhythm desynchronization and adaptive adjustment, reflected in the amplitude dynamics, which are typical for the flight. That is, it would be well to expect a reaction similar to that in boys [6], since in this case, the values of mesors of systolic volume output and cardiac output do not change, and are extremely high for this age group. On the one hand, this is good, because it reflects the best physiologically optimal alternative of the increase of blood flow due to the cardiac output; on the other - indicates that the relaxation of the cardiac muscle, providing the increase in the volume of the blood ejected, is no longer possible. Moreover, these values are high both before and after the flight, which, as is the case with boys, suggests a state rather than a response to exercise.

However, the functional statuses of female athletes differ significantly: the daily average value of their pulse pressure during the entire observation period was within the physiological range, and therefore, there is no pronounced hemodynamic response to exercise. Exercise exposed on their body does not require the involvement of any additional compensatory mechanisms, and we assume that there are also no reasons for changing the direction of the regulatory vector.

Conclusions. There were no significant changes, much less structural failure of the rhythm, in either of the examined groups. This means that the three-hour offset of the zone time is not a significant load for this age group, and functional and adaptive capabilities of the body of athletes correspond to quite a satisfactory level.

However, the search for the causes of the dynamics of the leading parameter of the human body state vector (HBSV) in the four-dimensional phase space, observed during the functional stress tests and reflecting the changes in the regulatory signal direction, showed that, on the one hand, in terms of its physiological mechanism, the hemodynamic response to exercise was quite adequate to the capabilities of the physically trained organism, providing blood flow due to the cardiac output, and on the other hand - the functional hemodynamic indices, reflecting the functional load on the heart, even at rest, are so high that their increase in response to high-intensity exercise does not seem possible, which probably leads to the involvement of the compensatory regulatory mechanisms.

The reason for such a result is, most likely, a state of fatigue, caused by both exercise and climatic-geographical conditions. What is more, the first reason is more probable or significant, as there are very pronounced gender differences in response to exercise.

References

1. Apokin V.V. Izmenenie adaptatsionnykh vozmozhnostey organizma studentov sportivnogo i ne sportivnogo fakul'tetov v usloviyakh perekhoda na zimnee vremya (Changes in adaptive capabilities of students of sports and non-sports departments within revert to standard time) / V.V. Apokin, A.A. Povzun, N.V. Vasil'eva // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2012. – № 2. – P. 91–94.
2. Apokin V.V. Izmenenie struktury bioritmov osnovnykh fiziologicheskikh pokazateley khorosho i plokho adaptiruyushchikhsya sportsmenov vysokoy kvalifikatsii pri pereletakh s vostoka na zapad (Changes in biorhythm structure of main physical characteristics of well- and poorly-adapting elite athletes at flights from east to west) / A.A. Povzun, V.V. Apokin, N.R. Usaeva // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2011. – № 12. – P. 83–87.
3. Apokin V.V. Bioritmologicheskiy analiz sostoyaniya nespetsificheskoy adaptosposobnosti organizma sportsmenov plovtsov iz raznykh klimatogeograficheskikh regionov (Biorhythmological analysis of nonspecific adaptability of swimmers from different climatic regions) / V.V. Apokin, A.A. Povzun, V.A. Rodionov, N.R. Usaeva // Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury. – 2014 – № 1 – P. 87–90.
4. Apokin V.V. Osobennosti vospriyatiya vremeni sportsmenami yuniorami Srednego Priob'ya pri shirotnom peremeshchenii (Time perception specifics of junior athletes of Middle Ob region at latitudinal relocation) / V.V. Apokin, A.A. Povzun, V.D. Povzun et al. // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2015. – № 2. – P. 83–85.
5. Apokin V.V. Funktsional'ny analiz ritma v otsenke adaptatsionnogo rezerva organizma sportsmena (Functional analysis of rhythm in assessment of athlete' adaptive capability) / V.V. Apokin, D.A. Bykovskikh, A.A. Povzun // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2015. – № 4. – P. 89.s
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11. Povzun A.A. Bioritmologicheskie osobennosti sostoyaniya adaptatsionnykh vozmozhnostey organizma sportsmenov plovtsov razlichnykh klimatogeograficheskikh regionov (Biorhythmological features of the state of adaptabilities of swimmers from different climatic regions) / A.A. Povzun, V.V. Apokin, V.Yu. Losev et al. // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2013 – № 3 – P. 88–93.
12. Povzun A.A. Ritmologicheskaya otsenka srochnoy adaptatsii sportsmenov legkoatletov pri shirotnom peremeshchenii (Rhythmological assessment of urgent adaptation of athletes at latitudinal relocation) / A.A. Povzun, V.V. Apokin, V.D. Povzun et al. // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 2014. – № 12. – P. 96–99.