Igor K. Yaitchnikov, MD, Prof. (Oxford Edu. Network)
Alexander A. Efimov
Irina L. Bondarchuk
St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg

Keywords: recreational lifestyle, concisura pulsae (SPbTU, Sport Science), motor stereotypes.

Introduction. Adaptation mechanisms are among the major phenomena of natural development of adaptive changes of Homo Sapience. The main idea of these mechanisms is, on the one hand, to economize "cost-based" mechanisms of life activity, and on the other - to increase its reserve capacities, enough to efficiently overcome the loads generated by the processes occurring in the environment [1, 2, 9]. The “Working program of the subject “Physical Education” developed by the department of physical education and sport of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standards of Higher Education stipulates an integrated didactic complex [1, 2] that includes the following sections: “…formation of motivational and axiological attitude of students to physical culture, healthy lifestyle mindset, physical self-improvement and self-education, the need for regular physical exercise and sports; … improvement of the methods of development of general physical, special and psychological qualities by means of physical exercise, morning exercise, techniques of self-control and self-evaluation of the physical state of the body; … consolidation of knowledge of scientific, biological and practical bases of physical culture and healthy lifestyle” [1-3].

The problem is that, firstly, the decrease of the volumes of the evolutionary pressure of environmental factors produced by scientific and technical progress triggered the natural mechanisms of adaptation of life-sustaining activities of the body “backwards”, towards the decline in reserve capacities of the body. The key element in this process is a steady decline in the average daily amount of physical load of the body below the level of biological well-being, to the state of motor failure [2, 3, 9]. Secondly, the criteria for correction, return of the mechanisms of the viability of the body to a biologically positive level, principles of adequacy of relationships of the body with the factors of the technogenic development environment can be formulated only emergently [2, 9], i.е. as the emergence of synergetic effect from the proper sequence solution in terms of specific sports and educational tasks.

The purpose of the research was to develop approaches to creation of sports educational algorithms of development of recreational attitudes among students in the structure of conventional training sessions (TS).

Materials and methods. 21 young men and 35 young women were involved in the research organized by the department of physical culture and sport of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University. The effectiveness of the TS was determined within micro- and mesocycles from the I to the IV semester in a gym according to the existing expert sports and educational evaluation (SEE) on a scale from “0” – low overall physical development level (OPD) to “5” – high level of mastering of special physical exercises (SPE); at the beginning and at the end of each semester as well as in the tests “φ_p – concisura pulsae” and “Four Step” [7]. In monthly microcycles of TS the psychophysical component was regularly determined with regards to mastering the educational program of the department of physical culture and sport in the tests “Daily regimen”, “WAM”, “Color preferences”, “Physiological cost of day”, “BIOR” [1, 7-9]. Statistical analysis (significance of differences (р_0.05) at SV, t, r – Pearson correlation coefficient) was carried out for each episode, and individual adjustment of the ratio of the OPD and SPE elements [2, 9] was made, the students themselves were actively involved in the process of individualization of physical development.

Results and discussion. It is well known that the basic level of overall physical fitness determines the quality and speed of mastering special physical exercises in the chosen sport. Creation of individual SPE training programs is most effective if carried out under objective supervision of OPD of the student [2, 3, 5]. For this purpose, an initial set of exercises was singled out from the overall structure of a training session that was 0.5-3 minutes long and had the capacity of “maximum, submaximal physical load” or “shuttle run”. The pulse was measured before the class, immediately after the initial load and 3 minutes after it. For the first year of training the initial pulse in both groups was 64±3 bpm (M±mt); right after the load the young man had 98±5 bpm and 3 minutes later - 72±6 bpm, and the young women had 119±6 and 89±7, respectively. At the end of the second year of training these parameters were initially 67±3 bpm for the young men; immediately after the load the men had 86±7 and 3 minutes later – 61±2, and the women had 88±5, 102±4 and 64±6, respectively (р≤0.05,t for all).

Objective control and individual adjustment of the ratio of the OPD and SPE at the beginning of the class by the “concissura pulsae – φ_p” index (the value of the φ_p index is calculated as the ratio of average pulse rates (M±mt) by subgroups, as part of above and below the median value [8]) contributed to successful mastering the SPE skills successively during all the four semesters. Proactive planning of individual volumes of physical loads to increase endurance was conducted under the supervision of a version of the “Four Step” test [5-7] – “side climbing up a step (30-33 cm high) at four beats to the left and back – at four beats to the right” at a pace of 20 cycles per minute during 5 minutes per load; 4 step-loads were performed in total (hence – “Four Step”) with a 4 minute rest interval. While processing the data, performance in both semesters was taken into account – “subgroup >good” and “subgroup satisfactory>”. The subjects in the “>good” subgroup performed the work of 62-71 kg*m per load, while two subjects from the “satisfactory>” subgroup could not perform the test in full; the pulse value of the first load in the “>good” subgroup was 89 bpm, and in the “satisfactory>” subgroup – 107 bpm; the recovery rate in the“>good” subgroup was 1.9 after the first load and 1.3 after the fourth one; for the “satisfactory>” subgroup it was 1.5 and 1.1 respectively (р≤0.05,t). Calculation of the value of PWC₁₇₀ “>good” showed the specific value of 12.4-13.1 kg*m/kg, which corresponds to excellent performance of the OPD group; in the “satisfactory>” subgroup the pulse value of the first load was 112 bpm, the total work was 64 kg*m, recovery rate after the first load was 1.2, after the fourth – 0.7, which differs significantly (р≤ 0.05,t) from the characteristics of the “>good” subjects.

Subjective control and adjustment of OPD and SPE were conducted by comparing the class structure, its SEE with the pulse value (PV) of the class and the “lived day”, with the phases of multi-day PEI biorhythms (physical – P, emotional – E, intellectual – I), with quarters of the ovarian menstrual cycle – OMC for females [3-6, 9]. It was established that the lowest PV of a class – 18 bpm and the highest SEE belonged to students that have consistently positive SEE during a semester, and if in this case a class takes place during positive P and I phases of biorhythms, PV is reduced to 12 bpm (SV, р<0.05). It was also found that high SEE, successful execution of the training program in all the four semesters positively correlates (r 0.67) with the WAM test values 5.6-6.7, “personal Spielberger test” – 30 or less, and “situational Spielberger test” – 31-45. Special attention should be paid to students that show a consistent interest in the continuation of “extracurricular” interactive cooperation with the teachers by means of the Internet, regularly coordinate the program of morning hygienic gymnastics with personal achievements in OPD and SPE at the training sessions of the department of physical culture and sport of St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University.

Conclusion. The "physiological cost" of traditional training sessions calculated per class enables a teacher to give prompt assistance in managing of the process of physical development of students, rather than less frequently held traditional pedagogical credit monitoring. In the formation of the recreational lifestyle of a modern student one is to note that he understands the priority, the value of his own activity in mastering of motor patterns acquired in the course of physical education, relating them with the working day schedule and psychophysiological indicators of reserve capabilities of the body. The top priority of sports educational process in a polytechnic university is to teach a student (particularly girls) how to control his/her physical development in subsequent periods of ontogenesis and to provide the opportunity of guided help in this of the department of physical culture and sport after finishing training.

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Corresponding author: 20yik11@mail.ru