A.A. Novikov, professor, Dr.Hab.
O.S. Morozov, associate professor, Ph.D.
A.O. Novikov
All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Moscow

Key words: modeling, methodological stand, elite athletes, human maximum and reserve capabilities.

Relevance. The problem of studying human maximum and reserve capabilities both in the sports and professional activities has been crucial and relevant since the 1950s [P.К. Anokhin, V.S. Farfel’, S.P. Letunov, F.Z. Meerson, V.L. Karpman, N.I. Volkov, A.V. Alekseev].

The modeling of professional, including sports, activity by means of methodological stands reflects the empiric and system processes of the implementation of the three-level system of control of training of elite athletes during modeling of professional stress-factors, conditions of competition and professional risk, rather than in standard laboratory conditions [4].

The key element of the model consists in the effectuation of actual professional activity by an individual, which is defined by the organization and performance of motor actions complying with professional distinctiveness, type of competitions, etc.

It is quite important to ensure a gradual reduction of the volume of physical load after termination of active professional and sports activities [2], it is essential not to "break" the stereotype of goal-oriented load, preserving its specificity, and gradually reducing its intensity, yet ensuring optimal manifestation at lower maximums. In the meantime, it is necessary to determine both maximum values and their dynamics. This is what the approach we propose is for. The studies in this area help address the problem of a more reliable estimate of maximum and reserve capabilities in men, develop vocational training programs, distribute loads in improving, training, developing, promoting and rehabilitation modes. This is necessary to ensure professional longevity and prolong human life after termination of active sports and professional activities.

The purpose of the study was to provide the theoretical substantiation of the problem of introduction of methodological stands for studying human maximum and reserve capabilities in the professional and sports activities.

Results and discussion. During the long-term studies of the model characteristics of athletes' competitive activity (CA), sports skills and body systems, the elements, which objectively, namely during competitive activity, prove their importance and influence sports results, were determined. These elements are based on the indicators of the three-level system of control of training and competitive activities of elite athletes (case study of combat sports) (Table 1) [4].

The most significant factor in interpreting of the control model of elite athletes’ (EA) training is the estimate of their maximum and reserve capabilities in the process of implementation of their tactical and technical skills, which is indicative of the level of sports skills, as well as of the body and psi systems that are responsible for motor actions. These indicators are essential and needed to determine maximum and reserve capabilities of the body, the growth of the level of sports skills of athletes and to forecast sports results, as well as to take timely measures promotive of athletes' good health. Besides, the model of limits in motor activity of EA is significant when studying the phenomenon of human health and longevity.

Table 1. Technology of three-level control system of combatants’ training and competitive activities

Level I– competitive activity

II level – sports mastery

III level – functional status of body and mind

The indicators [4] represented in Table 2 are determined particularly by the first level of the three-level system of the training and competitive activities of combatants.

Table 2. Variants of different conditions of triggering dynamic situation and their codes

For the current period, the calculation of the limit values of CA was made by means of videoanalysis of motor actions of combatants in a bout. For instance, in theory, athletes engaged in technical kinds of sport, spend 26 sec on tactical training in a bout, 1.5-2 sec to perform a technique, a method of tactical training, 8 sec to continue a bout, totally: approximately 36 sec. Therefore, in theory, an athlete is able to perform about 10 techniques within such time intervals during a 6-min bout. Athletes involved in tempo and strength kinds of sport spend 45-50 sec on their tactical training, 3 sec to perform a method of tactical training, 2 sec to perform a technique, totally: 50 sec. Consequently, combatants of tempo and strength kinds of sport are able to perform 7-8 techniques during a 6-min bout. As compared to 2012, these tentative indicators were smaller in the combatants of technical sports by 30%, and in the combatants of tempo and strength sports by 20% than in 1988. However, in 2013, after changing and amplifying the rules of competitions these indicators increased significantly, which resulted in the improvement of the quality of bouts and their visual appeal in general.

The data obtained during the research and observation of the changes in CA during competitions (increase, stabilization, decrease), as well as in the indicators of the second and third levels of the three-level system and their interlevel relationships, make it possible to determine the further strategy and tactics of improvement of sports skills of combatants. These research data are to be considered with due regard to individual characteristics of athletes (strength, tempo, technical and universal types). Discrepancy of the initial and predicted information on the system elements will allow us to plan their training more thoroughly. Proceeding from the obtained data it becomes possible to determine the limits of their capabilities, approaches, methods and means of improvement of sports results and preservation of health. For example, A. Medved’ won the final match at the Olympic Games in Munich and became a three-time Olympic Gold Medalist, but he got cardiac arrhythmia too. Such an unfavorable outcome was expected by the doctors. A. Karelin, a three-time Olympic Gold Medalist, in the finals of his fourth Olympics left the US athlete the field. That is why thorough examination of athletes by means of methodological stands, that simulate competitive activity, model athletes' sports skills, and the state of their body and psi systems, enable us to objectively predict the performance of each athlete who claims to achieve high sports results or, as an alternative, termination of his sports career due to the status of the indicators classified according to the three levels mentioned above.

The methodological stand which simulates competitive activity will enable to solve the key problem - determination of the maximum and reserve capabilities of athletes and people in their professional labour activity. For instance, the main indicator, that influences the reliability of the performed hold, is an opponent's defense reaction. i.e. breaking of defense of the one who is attacked by an attacker. We developed the model of defense of an opponent - 11-rank system of exercises (code system) with gradual complicating of the conditions in which holds are performed and variation of these conditions to cope with it. In other words, we determine the No (code) of the exercise, to which an attacking athlete is not able to respond with a hold - that is his current limit.

Further on, regular testing of athletes will help determine the dynamics of increase, decrease or stabilization of this indicator when they go after "code 11". An athlete who has reached the limit value and is not able to further improve his technical actions basing on interference or tactical error, can either master the new techniques or combine this technical action with other holds, or analyze own capability to further improve his technical and tactical skills. Therefore, there is a need for a thorough long-term study of an athlete's state from the perspective of the three-level system of control. A similar detailed analysis of athlete's physical fitness is to be done when evaluating his tactical mastery, physical, psychological and other types of training.

Effectiveness of implementation of tactical training means, performance or non-performance of holds and their timeliness were estimated using videoanalysis of the situations favorable for hold implementation or creation of such situations for an attacking athlete on the stand. Special physical fitness of athletes was estimated by means of electromyography and simultaneously using a polydynamograph which made it possible to study the maximum capabilities of muscle groups of combatants in order to improve their sports skills.

Individual disposition towards a particular wrestling style (WS) can be determined by the way the tactical training methods are implemented.

For example, the most outstanding representatives of the tactical types of wrestling are:

- strength - V. Ievlev, V. Rezantsev;

- tempo - A. Medved’, I. Kolesov;

- technical - A. Fadzaev, Sh. Safin;

- universal - Ya. Punkin, B. Gurevich.

What is typical for athletes of the strength type in the middle of a bout is the tactics of neutralization of an opponent and performance of a technique at the end of the bout periods. For athletes of the tempo type it is the tactics of performance of simple techniques against the background of opponent's fatigue. Athletes of the technical type have a propensity for provoking counteractions from their opponents, as well as dynamic switching of technical and tactical maneuvers. Combat athletes of the combinational type normally perform different combinations of techniques, series of technical actions, tactical training techniques appropriate at the moment throughout the bout.

In order to improve sports skills it is essential to estimate the neuromuscular system, since it is the major system for the implementation of technical and tactical maneuvers. Above, during the analysis, we introduced some examples. Moreover, it is important to evaluate it under static conditions, which is especially essential for athletes of strength and combinational types. With this aim in view, we placed special detectors on the stand which registered the speed-strength characteristics and determined the limit values of these characteristics on the stand and while performing different techniques. Here, one should take into account which element displays its weak sides during performance of techniques against the background of ultimate efforts, especially when performing technical and tactical actions, spurts, counteractions, combinations of technical actions.

Special endurance - biochemistry of the blood, heart rate regulating function, control of breathing are evaluated in the process of modeling of a 6-min bout - 2-4 bouts per day.

Having obtained the values of the above characteristics, it is necessary to determine close relationships between the elements of the three-level system with due regard to individual characteristics of athletes. As follows from our studies, for example, reliability of offensive actions (ROA) - the first level of the three-level system is related to the biomechanical characteristics of the technical and tactical skills, special physical fitness and other constituents, i.e. to the second level of the system which interacts with the third level - the body and psi systems (CNS, NMS, CVS, metabolism, etc.). This methodological approach enables us to forecast and plan the progress in sports skills of athletes in view of the requirements that specify deep relationships between the elements of the three-level system of control of training of athletes of national teams with due regard to their individual characteristics.

Nowadays, it is important to understand that elite sport is the only model of activity which presupposes that all the body systems of outstanding athletes function within the range of the ultimate physical and psychological limits of a healthy man [3]. According to the results of the earlier experiments [4] it can be argued that after physical and psychological loads under training camp (TC) conditions three key variants of moving of elite athletes (n=40) to the new levels of preparedness for competitive activity are:

- high - in about 27.5% of the examined athletes, with increasing dynamics, from the initially low functional status of the autonomic regulation (FSAR) - 2 points (assessment of the current functional status using the R.M. Baevsky's method) to high - 16 points, with simultaneous decrease of the current functional level of the central nervous system (CFL CNS) by 33.67%, from high (4.99 - assessment using the method by A.M. Zimkina and T.D. Loskutova) to average (3.31);

- average - in 47.5% of the examined athletes, with the return of the CNS at the end to the initial, satisfactory level - 8 points FSAR, with a simultaneous decrease of CFL CNS by 14.77%, from high (4.13) to average (3.52);

- low - in 25.0% of the examined athletes, with decreasing dynamics of the initially high - 12 points FSAR to low 9-4), with simultaneous increase of CFL CNS by 15.7%, within the range of the mean level values at the beginning (3.23) and at the end (3.72) of the training camp [3].

Using the methodological stands simulating competitive activity of athletes it is possible to conduct an integrated analysis and estimate sports activity basing on the three-level system of control of training. It will help make an individual prognosis of sports activity for each athlete, plan further training sessions, and consequently sports results. Moreover, it can be used to determine human maximum and reserve capabilities by means of the methodological stands by modeling the specific characteristics of professional activity.

Our application for allocation of funds for creation of the methodological stands for different kinds of sport or their groups has not got any support from the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation yet. We look forward to handling the problem of the special-purpose funding of creation of the methodological stands.

Conclusions. The developed concept of the three-level system of management of training of elite athletes provides mainly for identifying all of its elements that have a great effect on athletic performance. And what is very important, the relationship of these elements is determined for each athlete taking into account individual characteristics such as power, tempo, technical and mixed styles of competitive matches. The indissoluble connection of abilities of man, experiencing maximum loads in elite sport and when working, with health protection and extension of his long career is detected in the proposed research area. It is important for further development of the theory and methodology of sports training, physiology and psychology of labour, people working in different production spheres with due regard to their professional and individual characteristics, for instance, tempo, strength, coordination. In that context, it is necessary to implement a consistent control over psychophysical improvement of human body systems, evaluation of maximum and reserve capabilities, as well as to prevent early aging and preserve necessary working capacity.

References                                      

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4. Novikov, А.А. Theoretical and methodical regulations of control of training of elite athletes / A.A. Novikov, I.Yu. Radich, O.S. Morozov // Vestnik sportivnoy nauki. – 2012. – № 3. – P. 13–18. (In Russian)