Fig. 1 shows the monthly distribution of strength and jumping loads as a percentage of the annual one (season 2010/2011). As follows from Figure 1, the strength and jumping loads were relatively evenly distributed throughout May, June and July and amounted to more than 40% of the annual. During the same time running workouts were performed in very big amounts (more than 70% of annual ones) in the range from 100 to 300 meters with the intensity of 70-90% (i.e. aerobic-anaerobic mode) to develop general and special speed endurance. At the same time in June and July, the acceleration of a roller simulator at the stadium (about 60% of all the starts) and a short sprint with the intensity of 96-100% were widely used to improve the speed and acceleration technique. Thus, we have a target set on the comprehensive development and improvement of all kinds of abilities. But in the end it has led not to an increase, but a decrease in the rate of acceleration of the training apparatus at the end of July. Only in August, the athletes were able to surpass the June level of their speed abilities. Thus, all of the negative consequences from the use of such a complex load were seen as in a mirror, which only leads to the "exhaustion" of athletes at the level of all the systems with the negative cross adaptation by F.Z. Meerson [13]. Concentration in microcycle and mesocycles of sometimes mutually exclusive multidirectional loads disrupted the rational regulation of energy supply of the workout and did not contribute to the required synthesis of protein resources of the body. In other words, catabolic processes prevailed over the anabolic ones (disintegration of cell structures prevailed over their synthesis). Only in August, after reducing the strength load, the required synthesis began, contributing to the increase of speed performance in the bobsledders.

Further reduction of the strength loads in September with an increase in speed-strength, speed and technical work with peaking to a maximum percentage of the use of all resources contributed to some increase in speed performance, which reached its maximum in October against the backdrop of a significant pre-season decline of the load volumes.

In the season the starting acceleration rate was maintained at the reached level during November, and in December it started to decline due to the laws of conservation of the residual training effects on the basic abilities, stipulated above. A small strength replenishment before New Year to some extent smoothed the negative process, but still it was rather impossible to maintain the high level of speed abilities before the World Cup. And it has been so year after year, running in place for 20 years [14]. Our opponents started outstripping us in terms of starting stride. In addition, they began training pilots from the former striders, which significantly increased the rate of acceleration, especially in carriages of "two".

Thus, there was a need to move from a single-cycle planning of the training load to the block training system through a two-cycle organization of the training process in the pre-season. Special attention was paid to the planning and organization of the first big adaptation cycle (May to August), in which a base reserve of the leading motor abilities of the bobsledders was laid (accumulated).

In the Olympic season 2013/2014, in addition to the "separation" of loads with regard to their predominant use the concentrated, rather than even, distribution of strength loads among the pre-season cycles was applied (Fig. 2), which promoted a significant increase in the general level of special strength fitness in the bobsledders in the first adaptation cycle (Table 1). That was an entirely different level of motor abilities, including the speed ones.

Table 1

Tests   Statistical characteristics	Squat pl., kg	Power clean, kg	Standing triple jump, m	Standing jump 30 m (sec)	Training simulator, 30m, sec
1 ± mх  (2010, n = 12)	182,73± 5,57	117,70± 3,59	8,91± 0,11	3,15±0,02	4,91± 0,06
2 ± mх   (2011 ,n = 13)	183,85± 8,36	122,70± 3,70	9,14± 0,11	3,17± 0,03	4,87± 0,04
3 ± mх   (2012, n = 13)	194,20± 7,96	131,92 ± 5,53	9,33± 0,15	3,06± 0,04	4,78± 0,05
4 ± mх   (2013, n = 13) Difference of 1-4             t             р	211,90± 7,06 29,17 3,25 <0,01	135,38± 4,79 17,68 2,95 <0,01	9,44± 0,11 0,53 3,05 <0,01	3,03± 0,03 0,12 3,33 <0,01	4,72± 0,04 0,19 2,63 <0,05

If we compare the nature of the distribution of strength and jumping loads in 2010 (Fig. 1) with the way it was distributed in 2013 (Fig. 2), the first thing you notice is the variability of the resources distribution both in value and in time of their display. In the Olympic season two cycles are clearly singled out in the development of maximum and explosive muscle strength in the pre-season and the third microcycle - already in the season. Such loads distribution in the annual cycle helped maintain basic maximum and explosive strength abilities at a proper level and helped reach the maximum level of speed abilities in the competitive races at the Olympics.

The need for a variable load distribution in all training cycles, particularly when strength abilities were developed, was convincingly proved by A.N. Vorob’ev [8]. The processes associated with hypertrophy of the muscle fibers and hyperplasia can be well implemented only in case of the optimally combined stress and recovery modes.

One very important fact should be pointed out: that the very process of distribution of loads of different purposes by the time of their preferential use creates all the preconditions for a variable combination of loads and recovery in the blocks without negative cross adaptation, since the preceding content of training is dialectically denied and its variation is facilitated by the change of resources in the blocks. This is seen in the distribution of the total running load, special running load and in the monthly percentage distribution of all resources. Even the monthly number of sessions in the Olympic season varied to a greater extent as compared to the season of 2010/2011. At the same time the total number of sessions for the year amounted to only 75.7% from the season of 2010/2011.

Thus, it is not the volume aspect of the load that is the main one at the elite level but its qualitative and quantitative characteristics for all load types, their compatible combinations according to the logic of development of long-term adaptation.

The mean percentage volume of all of the resources repeats with some displacement in time the nature of distribution of strength and jumping loads in the Olympic season (Fig. 3). The maximum volume fell on the transforming mesocycle in July. It was in the big adaptation cycle, where the greatest transformation has occurred, the transformation of maximum strength into explosive one (with a single-cycle organization of the training process the maximum volume was registered in September). The second cycle was more limited in time, was smaller in volume but the intensity of all of the resources applied was higher.

The rate of acceleration of the bobsled training simulator as an integral indicator of the athletes' skills reaches its peaks at the end of adaptation cycles, with a certain "slowdown" after the concentrated strength blocks (Fig. 4). However, in August the growth rate of speed abilities (average acceleration rate on a 30-meter stretch) amounted to 0.23 m/s, with a single-cycle resource allocation - 0.13, as compared with the initial state in May. If to interpret this growth with regard to the acceleration time, in August it amounted 4.63 sec with the block type of organization of loads, and 4.82 sec with an even resource distribution. The difference of almost 0.2 sec in bobsled is considered huge especially at the elite sports level where centiseconds separate winners from awardees at the starting stride and at the finish. Even in October the acceleration was weaker with an even resource distribution compared to the block-type load in August.

After the second adaptation cycle the rate of acceleration increases even more. Comparing the training simulator acceleration rate at the ice overpass in August and in October (cutoffs travel time at the distance of 15 and 50 m from the starting bar) one can clearly see the value of a few centiseconds in bobsled. The 0.06 sec increment in the result on the 15^th meter of the acceleration stride seems to be far from being significant enough, however, due to high homogeneity of the tested subjects the significance of differences was very high (р<0,01).

Conclusion. The ascertaining experiment and the findings of long-term observations of the process of formation of sports skills in elite sport from the standpoint of evolutionism suggest the inconsistency of the single-cycle organization of the training process in the pre-season. Comprehensive parallel development and improvement of motor abilities in bobbers do not produce qualitative changes in the structure of the NMS due to rather limited adaptive reserves of athletes in response to a multi-purpose load, which leads to negative cross adaptation, a long-term "stagnation" in athletic performance and injuries.

The basic, deeper causes of the inconsistency are the denial (rejection) of the dialectical logic of development of adaptation processes in the athlete’s body at the level of the NMS, the long-outdated thinking style (paradigm) on the conceptual interpretation of motor qualities, which leads to a confusion of ideas [15] and gives rise to a metaphysical action algorithm when programming and organizing a training process.

A quantum leap in the NMS takes place only due to the selective increase in the expression of certain genes and the growth of the cellular structures that limit the necessary power of reduction of the neuromuscular system. This can be achieved only in the case of the block organization of the training process.

As seen from the findings of the forming experiment, "matching" of the accumulating and the transforming blocks-mesocycles is the focal point of transition from immediate to long-term adaptation. It is during this very transition when the qualitative dialectical leap in the development of explosive muscle strength occurs in bobsledders as a leading motor ability that defines the increase in sports results in the starting stride.

The block-type, multicyclic organization of the training process due to its "movement" - a blocks change of training methods - provides vitally important loads variation throughout all its parameters, not only between the blocks, but also within each of them, as the unidirectional load is much easier to vary rather than the multidirectional one. The combination of load modes and recovery is a great method of injury prevention which virtually nullifies the injury possibility.

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Corresponding author: p.v.frolov@gmail.com