O.I. Pavlova, Honored trainer of Russia, Dr.Hab.
Kazan
G.N. Golubeva, professor, Dr.Hab.
Volga region state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism, Naberezhnye Chelny
T.G. Kirillova, associate professor, Ph.D., director of Center of Advanced Training and Staff Retraining
Volga region state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism, Kazan

Key words: Universiade-2013, event management, material and intangible heritage.

International sports events are powerful development factors that contribute to the prestige of the state. The importance of assessing the significance of these events can hardly be overestimated. The following types of heritage are recognized: material and intangible; positive and negative; sports and non-sports.

The positive heritage of sports mega-events can include material components (improvement of sports and transport infrastructure) and intangible ones, such as increase of the international prestige of the country, public welfare improvement, new jobs creation, increase of the number of people that go in for sports, etc.

The negative heritage can be in high cost of sports infrastructure maintenance; rising prices for local goods, services and accommodation in the region hosting the sports event; deterioration of the ecological situation in the region; sports facilities that are not used once the event was held, etc.

The issue of using sports facilities built to host mega-events once the latter are over remains one of the most critical in the sports world of today. According to experts, it is necessary to plan development and effective use of all types of heritage at the stage of the bid campaign.

Back in 2008, a project called “Tatarstan – science and sport” was launched within the framework of the journal “Teoriya i Praktika Fizicheskoy Kul’tury”. Then Mr. Bariev, the Minister of Sport of the Republic of Tatarstan, expected that interregional information partnership will help to:

disseminate the positive experience and modern technologies in the sphere of sport; have a healthier nation as a whole; develop and improve further training of athletes of the republic; involve young people in the scientific community, have proper presence of the scientific school of Tatarstan in the sphere of physical culture and sport, as well as sports medicine.

The forecasts of experts of the republic and the country were very accurate. For example, those of Mr .Matytsin, the President of the Russian Student Sports Union, in the article “Kazan is ready for the Universiade-2013” which stated that according to sports specialists Kazan had everything necessary for the major world student games to be held in Russia. We also read about the outcome of the work done in the issue №8 of the journal (O.I. Pavlova, Dr.Hab) - Kazan won the right to host the Universiade! More than 5 years of preparation, all the plans have been carried out, the Universiade took place! Now it is time to summarize the realization of the large-scale project as this experience will be useful to the international community.

The purpose of the study was to make a scientific-theoretical and statistical analysis of the social and material heritage of the World Summer Universiade-2013 as a result of hosting the big international sports event.

Results and discussion. The Universiade in Kazan was the largest in the history of the World Student Games and has broken the following records of previous Universiades: in the number of participants (11,778), the number of sports (27), the number of medals (351 sets), the number of visiting guests and tourists (over 150,000), the number of spectators who visited sports events (about 800,000) and coverage of the TV audience (3 billion people).

525 buses and 1,051 passenger cars were used for transportation of participants and guests of the Universiade.

2,227 judges provided refereeing, 790 of them having international qualification.

Russian athletes triumphantly carried through the Games in Kazan having confidently taken the first place as a team. All medal records of the previous Universiades were broken. The Russian team won the total of 292 medals, including 156 gold, 74 silver and 62 bronze ones.

Athletes representing tertiary institutions specialized in physical culture made a significant contribution into the medal standings of the Universiade-2013 (42% of the medals). Athletes of thirteen universities under the competence of the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation took an active part in the competitions, namely Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism; National State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Health named after P.F. Lesgaft; Kuban State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism; Moscow State Academy of Physical Culture; Volga region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism; Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture; Siberian State University of Physical Culture and Sport; Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture; Voronezh State Institute of Physical Culture; Ural State University of Physical Culture; Smolensk State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport; Tchaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture; Velikiye Luki State Academy of Physical Culture and Sport.

Major sports events promote the development of regions in which they are held and influence long-term positive changes in social and economic spheres of the host city and the region.

The preparation for the Universiade brought 228 billion rubles of investment to Kazan. Of these, the sum of 67 billion is from the federal budget, and almost equal amounts were invested from the budget of the Republic of Tatarstan (81 billion rubles) and by private investors (80 billion rubles).

Operating budget expenses for the preparation and holding of the Universiade for the period of 2009-2013 amounted to approximately 9.2 billion rubles. The remaining funds were used for facilities construction and development of the city infrastructure as a whole.

A large-scale modernization of the transport infrastructure was carried out including completion of the first metro line, construction of more than ten traffic interchanges and several dozens of pedestrian crossings, launch of an aeroexpress train, the complete renewal of the international airport “Kazan”, construction of a transit rail and bus station and further renovation of public ground transport rolling stock.  

The Universiade contributed to the Tatarstan’s tourist potential fulfillment. The games made it possible to demonstrate to the international community the rich historical and cultural heritage of the region. Over 150,000 of tourists and fans from Russia and abroad visited the city during the Games. If in 2012 1 million 200 people visited Kazan for the purpose of sightseeing, by the end of 2013 this figure is expected to reach about 2 million people which is 10% ahead of the previous figures.

Hotel infrastructure underwent active development for the Universiade. World famous brands such as Marriott, ParkInn and Ramada opened up their hotels here. Fourteen new hotels were built for the Games (hotel room capacity being 1,185, number of people that can be accommodated - 1,985), and the total number of hotels in the city is over 100 which can accommodate 9,500 people (including motels and hostels).

The Universiade had a significant impact on the social and cultural spheres of life of the citizens and guests of Kazan.

The community involvement in the cultural life of the republic has increased. There is a steady increase in the number of visits to museums and theaters, increased circulation of books and brochures, annual circulation of magazines and other periodicals.

The growing employment and social activity of the population contributes to crime reduction in the city and the republic. One of the factors of this positive change of the situation is the intensification of comprehensive work with young people including their involvement into volunteer projects, creating motivation for leading a healthy way of life as part of large-scale events.

The Universiade provided a large number of new jobs, both for citizens of the republic and other regions; over 57.5 thousand people were involved during the Games including permanent and temporary staff of the Administration and staff of contractors.

As part of the preparation and holding of the Games a volunteering institution was established and given a significant boost by the Universiade. The institution helps to develop and accumulate in Tatarstan the human potential that can be successfully implemented as part of future events: over 77% of the volunteers are citizens of the republic, the overwhelming majority being people aged 18-25. About 20 thousand people (19,970) were involved in the Universiade as volunteers at no cost.

36 sports facilities were built in Kazan specially for the Universiade. Some of them are the best not only in Russia but also in Europe: Tennis Academy, Center for Rowing Sports, Complex of Down-the-line Shooting and Rifle and Pistol Shooting, Martial Arts Palace, Water Sports Palace and football stadium “Kazan Arena” for 45 thousand seats.

Following the Olympic standards a complex “Universiade Village” was built for the Games of 2013 with a total area of 53 hectares, being the key venue of the World Student Games. It is the place of reception, accommodating and servicing athletes during the Games that has all the necessary infrastructure. Residential buildings of the Universiade Village include 28 houses and can accommodate over 14,500 people.

After the Universiade the complex was transferred to students of two federal universities and is the largest college campus in Russia with a well-developed infrastructure.

Much attention was given to efficient and effective use of sports facilities once the Universiade is over.

Most of the facilities are located in densely populated areas which positively affects city residents with regards to exercising. Pupils of comprehensive and children and youth schools located nearby visit the sports facilities on a daily basis. Hours of free access to the facilities for the city residents were defined.

As a result, thanks to the active development of sports infrastructure, the number of people engaged in physical culture and sports increased significantly. For example, in 2006 the figure was 15.56%, while in 2012 it increased to 28.7%.

The growing popularity of sport among students can be clearly traced in the number of people engaged in active sports and physical culture. For example, during the period from 2007 to 2012 this figure increased from 25% to 61% in the republic. The mentioned figure exceeds the main targets set by the Strategy of development of physical culture and sport in the Russian Federation for the period till 2020 (phase 1: 2009-2015 - from 34.5% to 60%).

The infrastructure created for the Games provided excellent conditions for the development of children and youth sport on the basis of high-tech sports facilities. For today 158 children and youth sports schools operate in the Republic of Tatarstan, 23 of which have the status of Olympic reserve at the federal level. In collaboration with higher schools the work of placement of children and youth sports schools in the new sports facilities is underway.

Just a few months after the Games we can see the first results: 2,900 children enrolled in children and youth sports schools during the open days at sports facilities after the Universiade. This is nearly 1.5 times more than a year ago when 1,980 pupils enrolled in sports schools. Taking into account the addition the total number of children attending municipal sports schools reaches 20 thousand; these children will eventually join national teams including student ones.

University sport today is not only an important part of the educational system, the stage of training national teams reserve, but also an effective way of upgrading professional skills and personal competencies of employees and specialists of the sphere of physical culture and sport.

The Universiade made it possible to set new standards of the quality of life, forecast long-term positive social and economic changes, come closer to the international standards within the framework of preparing for and holding major sports events in Russia.

The XXVII World Universiade held in Kazan from 6th to 17th July 2013 became the biggest in the history of Universiades. 5 sports were included into the sports program of the Universiade as extra ones for the first time, including belt wrestling, rugby-7, sambo, synchronous swimming and boxing.

67 records of the Universiade in 4 sports were set at the Games in Kazan. These include 39 records set by Russian athletes; 4 in athletics, 19 in weightlifting, 12 in swimming and 4 in sport shooting.

The Russian team broke the absolute domestic record of the number of wins and the total number of medals at Universiades that belonged to the USSR team. The Soviet team won 134 medals including 68 gold ones at the Moscow Games in 1973.

But what contributed to achieving such results? The unified management system used during the Universiade ensured scheduled holding of competitions and fast response to emergency situations. It is a unique innovative management model that brought together actions of all the organizing parties (FISU, the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation, federal executive authorities, the government of the Republic of Tatarstan, the executive committee of the city of Kazan, Russian Student Sports Union, the executive administration “Kazan-2013”) and enabled to carry out unified supervision and control. The vertical control model of the Games also included a system of cooperation with international, national and regional sports federations.

The system was constructed basing on five main principles:

• definition of management levels (vertical control),
• creation of responsibility centers (defining responsible persons),
• delegation of responsibility and authority (possibility of issues to be solved by managers of facilities),
• absolute responsibility of the heads of facilities (with regards to organization of sports program, operation, provision of services to clients, etc.),
• double reporting of the functional manager of a facility (reporting to the facility manager and to the manager of a functional line outside of the facility).

Managerial tasks of the organization of the Games were solved at the level of:

1. The General Headquarters of the Universiade headed by Mr. Mutko, Deputy Chairman of the Organizing Committee, Minister of Sport of the Russian Federation;

2. Management headquarters of the republic headed by Mr. Khalikov, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan;

3. FISU headquarters headed by Claude-Louis Gallien, the FISU President;

4. FISU management headquarters headed by Marc Vandenplas, Summer Universiade Director;

5. Interagency operational headquarters headed by Mr. Syromolotov, leader of the working group on security of the Presidential Council of the Russian Federation on Physical Culture and Sport.

The Main Control Center was the key responsibility center of the Organizing Committee, a communication platform that coordinates activities of all the responsibility centers, provides round the clock management, control and coordination of the Universiade operating activity.

By order of the Ministry of Sport and Tourism of the Russian Federation № 855 as of 02.10.2009 an interagency working group was established comprised of representatives of federal executive bodies: the Ministry of Sports of Russia, the Ministry of Regional Development, the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Culture, the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Interior Ministry, as well as other interested organizations.

In order to ensure prompt review and resolution of issues arising while preparing for the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued order №1079-р as of 28.06.2012, under which working group members were approved for 17 functional areas of preparation for the Universiade-2013 (protocol support, volunteer training, systems of medical and sanitary-epidemiological support, as well as those of accommodation and catering, sports program management, transport and logistics, integrated security, city decoration, relations with mass media, preparation of infrastructure, financial support, etc.).

One of the key tasks of holding the sports part of an international event is high-quality training of not only athletes, participants of the competitions, but also of the judiciary. An educational project was designed and implemented to solve this task for preparation of the national judiciary with the support of the Ministry of Sport of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Youth, Sport and Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan and all-Russian sports federations.

Management of sports competitions at the Universiade is carried out by technical committees of different sports that appoint referees and judges for competitions and determine the criteria for formation of the jury of appeal. National judges are appointed by all-Russian sports federations. The XXVII World Summer Universiade in Kazan was served by 2,227 judges, including 790 international and 1,437 national ones. The Republic of Tatarstan was represented by 502 judges, including 15 appointed by international federations (basketball, belt wrestling, down-the-line shooting, volleyball, table tennis, tennis) and 487 appointed by all-Russian sports federations.

In order to upgrade professional skills of national judges and ensure their participation in competitions of the Universiade 2013 the Autonomous Nonprofit Organization “Kazan 2013 Executive Board” held 17 international judicial seminars in the period from January to July 2013 inviting representatives of both international and all-Russian sports federations and technical delegates of FISU.

Chairmen of technical committees of Russian and international federations, honored workers of physical culture, Dr.Habs and PhDs were among lecturers.

The total number of participants of the seminars reached over 1,300 people, including those from the regions of the Russian Federation. The goal of the educational project was to study, systematize and specify changes in the Code of Points in the next Olympic cycle, including competitions held under the auspices of FISU.

The seminars have shown that they are an effective tool for upgrading professional skills of sports judges providing the best of the students the opportunity to obtain judicial experience at competitions of the Universiade 2013. This training system has become the guarantor of minimizing judicial errors at the Summer Student Games in Kazan. Manuals on refereeing were published following the seminars in cooperation with panels of judges of Russian and republican federations, supplemented by audio and video materials, that made a significant contribution to the development of theoretical and methodological basis of sports within the framework of the Heritage of the Universiade.

Besides the older generation of specialists with experience in their sports the seminars were attended by many young people. Among them there were active athletes, members of Russian national teams. The school of young judges was revived within the preparation for the Universiade. The Tennis Academy hosted a seminar for ball-boys - young judges of lawn tennis.

120 young athletes aged 12-14 having experience in performing and judging at republican, regional and international competitions, upon successful completion of training got certificates, judiciary books and “Young judge” badges out of the hands of famous Russian tennis player Anastasia Myskina. In addition, they were granted an opportunity to participate in the World Summer Universiade in Kazan.

It is obvious that the study of international sports rules encourages the organization of athletes’ training process at a higher level.

The system of judicial seminars also included workshops as part of test competitions. Upon completion of training and testing students received certificates.

The experience of the XXVII World Summer Universiade in terms of creation of an anti-doping system should become unique for Russia. The anti-doping environment of the Universiade was ensured in accordance with the Plan of implementation of the activities determined by the Concept of medical, anti-doping and sanitary-epidemiological welfare approved by Mr. Shuvalov, the Chairman of the Organizing Committee on the preparation and holding of the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan.

To ensue the rights of athletes to participate in competitions that are dope-free an agreement on cooperation between the Autonomous Nonprofit Organization “Executive Board of the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan” and the Russian anti-doping agency NP “RUSADA” was signed on November 26, 2010.

The agreement was signed in accordance with international law and the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the sphere of the fight against doping in sport, as well as in compliance with the World Anti-Doping Code of WADA and anti-doping rules of the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan.

On February 2, 2001 an agreement was signed with Kazan State Medical University on training senior students, registrars, post-graduate students, interns and staff of the university as inspectors and chaperones (accompanying persons) of doping control. For the first time at the student games it was planned to subject over 900 athletes - winners of the games – to tests for blood doping.

Doping control inspectors and chaperones were trained taking into account the necessary reserve. A total of 50 doping control inspectors and 150 chaperones were involved at the Universiade 2013. During the preparation for the Games doping control inspectors took part in 210 international and national test competitions in order to obtain the necessary experience.

Guarded doping control stations were located at every sports facility as well as in the Universiade Village. All procedures took place in accordance with the principles stpulated in the anti-doping rules of the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan with the possibility to deliver doping test samples by DHL to an anti-doping laboratory within 24 hours and for the FISU medical committee to receive the test results within 48 hours after the samples were provided by athletes. Due to the fact that the anti-doping laboratory was located in Moscow the Organizing Committee and the Administration of the Games had to develop a special system of transporting samples to be in compliance with the international rules.

As part of a series of measures international programs for detection, deterrence and prevention of doping cases during major multi-sports events were created and implemented. Highly professional and motivated staff trained during the Games is also their Heritage and can work effectively in the future during other international sports events. For the first time all these events took place within approved Regulations of anti-doping events that were developed and approved by the Games Administration and secured the rights and responsibilities of all the members of this powerful system.

Protocol issues are also important in holding any large-scale multi-sports international event. The specificity and complexity of the protocol is in providing unified services regardless of the sport present in the program of the event. Set of services (awards ceremony, flag-raising ceremony, etc.) in all sports is governed by the organization holding the competition (in this case it’s the regulation of FISU).

The protocol defines the needs and provides required services and information to VIP guests; guests, FISU members, representatives of international federations, heads of delegations and other persons, international and national officials, as well as accompanying personnel, sponsors and guests.

To address these issues a Protocol Department was created within the Executive Board of the Games “Kazan 2013” that during the Universiade carried out work in three areas: common protocol, protocol of the Universiade Village and, especially valuable, protocol at sports facilities. A unique selection of full-time employees and temporary staff was carried out. The main selection was made among the representatives of the project “Personnel reserve” of the Republic of Tatarstan, state officials and representatives of municipal bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, as well as representatives of national sports federations; the knowledge of a foreign language was a mandatory requirement for them.

In addition, while preparing for the Universiade they all were trained according to the program of the Protocol of the President of the Russian Federation. The work in this area was coordinated by a special Interdepartmental working group of the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan.

During the Games over 600 events were organized by the Protocol of the Administration, including 351 awards ceremony. 11 official receptions were arranged and attended by 2,966 people. The “round table” and a series of meetings with the participation of Vitaly Mutko, Minister of Sport of the Russian Federation, were organized for heads of international sports organizations that attended the Universiade with the help of the Protocol of Administration; awarding ceremonies of the Ministry of sports of Russia were carried out. 35 representatives of international federations and ambassadors extraordinary and plenipotentiary of other states (Canada, USA, Austria, Iran, Germany, UK, Switzerland, Finland, Kazakhstan and others) were greeted and accompanied in accordance with the Regulations of protocol events appropriate to their status.

The Kazan awards ceremony of sports games with its unique national character was seen by the whole world thanks to the mass media. It gave impetus to the development of a new direction of protocol floristry in the Republic of Tatarstan. Bouquets and floral arrangements became an ornament of the World Universiade 2013. During the preparation an all-Russian competition “Bouquet of the Universiade” was held with a record number of applications. 

The work of the protocol service of the Universiade Village was innovative. From 1st to 6th July flags of 160 countries participating in the Games were raised in the alley of flags of the Village in accordance with the guidelines and recommendations of FISU and the protocol; welcoming ceremonies were held.

All of the above areas of work made it possible to undertake the preparation of a personnel corps of specialists in the sphere of sports events and social programs organizations that for today are the intangible heritage of the Games.

The Center of Advanced Training and Staff Retraining of Volga region state academy of physical culture, sport and tourism implemented several extended education programs that combine theory and practice. In particular the program “Protocol issues of the XXVII World Summer Universiade 2013 in Kazan” provided the quality work of the “Protocol” function during the Games. The program was realized with the participation of former advisor to the President of the Russian Federation V.N. Shevchenko (Moscow), FISU Director of Education Kolë Gjeloshaj (Brussels), Director General of the Business Protocol agency G.B. Mikhaylova (Moscow), First Deputy General Director of the publishing house “Kazan 2013” A.R. Kadyrov (Kazan).

Conclusion. The valuable experience gained by participants (athletes, volunteers, judges) and delegations (teachers) of higher schools of physical education of Russia can be used in training of specialists for the sphere of physical culture and sport: sports managers, trainers, instructors, judges. To this end, in December 2013 the Center of Advanced Training and Staff Retraining of Volga region SAPhCST held continuing education courses  - "Theoretical, practical and biomedical aspects of training of sports reserve in basic sports" and "Modern approaches in the regulatory support of training process and organizational and managerial work of institutions that provide training in sports reserve in basic sports", where members of the headquaters of the Universiade-2013 O.I. Pavlova, Zh.V. Ushakova, M.R. Gataullin and the leading experts of the academy reported to the audience the principles of training of elite athletes, the regulatory status of sports events, using the experience of preparation for the Universiade-2013.

This resource that is able to accumulate innovative technologies and organizational solutions will be used during the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, the Fencing World Championship and the European Badminton Championship in Kazan in 2014, as well as the World Aquatics Championship in 2015 and the FIFA World Cup in 2018.

Corresponding author: o-pavl-kzn@mail.ru