R.I. Platonova, professor, Dr.Hab.
S.D. Khalyev                      
D.N. Platonov, professor, Ph.D.
K.N. Naumova
K.S. Kolodeznikov, associate professor, Ph.D.
Institute of physical culture and sport of M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern federal university, Yakutsk

Key words: labile body mass, muscle mass and fat mass, freestyle wrestling, conditioning, special physical training.

 Relevance. In the domestic sports practice a long experience of research of the ratio of muscle mass and fat mass as a method of estimation of an athlete’s adaptive response to training loading has accumulated. We studied the works of famous scientists (Chtetsov V.P., 1965, Lutovtseva N.Yu., Utkina M.I., Chtetsov V.P., 1970, Pochudin S.N., Tkhivinsky S.V., Chepegin V.M., 1979, Martirosov E.G., 1982, Sevost'yanov E.B., Toroyan R.M., 1984, Dorokhov R.M., Guba V.P., 2002 et al), who apply different approaches in the study of the body mass composition of athletes from different sports and qualifications. In modern conditions for scientific experts in the field of elite sport the main problem at the existing large selection of diagnostic equipment is bulkiness and expensiveness of instruments, duration and complexity of the study, high performance requirements, special knowledge in interpreting received results, making it difficult to conduct on-line control during training camps and competitions. To this end, experts proposed a number of diagnostic systems for research in stationary conditions (densimetric, X-ray, ultrasound and isotopic methods) (5) and afield (eg., computer software systems, such as MEDASS, etc.), which give mobile, objective and informative results.

We consider the most effective in the on-line monitoring to use the caliperometry suggested by the staff of the laboratory of sports anthropology, morphology and genetics of ARSRIPhC Abramova T.F. and Ozolin N.N. (1996). In their article the extensive experience of the last 30 years of studying the value of muscle and fat components (in relative terms) in athletes’ body mass is presented. The authors prove the method of dynamic estimation of labile body mass - muscle mass and fat mass as a method of assessment of athlete’s adaptive response to training with the differentiation of the level of sports skills and kind of sport (1). For its all objective advantages (transportability, information value, objectivity, usability, mobility, etc.) the caliperometric method (3) requires the laborious data calculation, competent interpretation, which is not always obtainable in on-line monitoring. Therefore, in our study we used computer medical scales, giving a full description and characterization of subjects’ body composition.

The morphological features of development of indigenous and immigrant residents of Yakutia have become the subject of theses of regional scientists (Timofeev L.F., 1991; Degtyareva T.G., 2001, Egorov E.E., 2001; Stepanov G.K., 2005). There are also numerous studies dedicated to the analysis of the effects of strenuous physical loadings on the state of health, growth and development of children (Vinokourov S.P., 1999; Abramova V.R., 2006). However, labile body mass of indigenous people of Yakutia, including athletes, has not been subject to studies in any field of scientific knowledge.

The purpose of the study was to analyze labile body mass components in view of the type of training loads and their correlation with the results of athletes’ functional indices on the example of the freestyle wrestling national team of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).  

Research methods.                                                                                                

1. Study of labile body mass using specialized medical scales TannitaInnerScan (BodyCompositionmonitor). The characteristics measured: body weight (kg), fat mass (%), intercellular fluid (%), muscle mass (kg).
2. The study of functional status was performed using two methods on the hardware complex "Omega C" (software package produced by "Dynamics"). The parameters studied were as follows: level of adaptation to physical loading (%), body’s fitness level (%), body’s energy supply (%), psycho-emotional state (%), integral index "sports shape" (%).
3. The software package "Ruffier test" (modification of Akopyan A.O.). The characteristics of athletes' functional skills at rest were estimated by the modified formula for rapid assessment of operational evaluation of the state, obtained based on the multivariate regression analysis of PR (pulse rate) and BP (blood pressure) (E.A. Pirogova, 1988) and adapted to the types of martial arts (A.O. Akopyan, 2002) (4). The characteristics measured: level of body's functioning; body's functional loading; body's functional reserve.

The results were interpreted on the scale suggested by A.O. Akopyan (Table 1).

Table 1. Rating scale of research results

Methods of mathematical statistics. The data were subjected to mathematical analysis of software packages STATISTICA 7.0. The relationships of morphological characteristics and functional capacities of groups of athletes were studied by examining the correlation coefficient. In the study analyzing the relationship of the features the null statistical hypothesis was checked, and the value p was calculated: - if p> 0,05, then regardless of the value of the correlation coefficient the null hypothesis did not deviate - if p <0,05 the null hypothesis is rejected and an alternative hypothesis is accepted. The study was made with the use of the following criteria (O.Yu. Rebrova 2002):

 [r] ≤ 0,25 – weak correlation                                               

0,25 < [r] < 0.75 - moderate correlation

[r] ≥ 0,75 - strong correlation

Object of research. Freestyle wrestlers are the members of the youth and adult teams of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The experimental test was carried out during the first summer training camps from 14 to 29 July 2013 at the sport base of the school of elite sportsmanship "Mannyattakh" of Megino-Kangalassky district. All respondents who participated in the experiment were subject to a thorough medical examination and were considered relatively healthy. The study involved 30 athletes. Control measurements were made three times: at the beginning of training camps (July 14), in the middle (July 21) and at the end (July 29).

During the summer training camp the training program was intended to develop athletes’ strength abilities (Table 2).

Table 2. Power training program during the summer training camp of the freestyle wrestling combined team of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Results of research. The data obtained during the control tests confirmed the need to differentiate athletes into different groups in view of the changes in labile body mass and individualize training load. As an example, the indices of the athlete "A" (Table 3), who has been positively affected by the training program and of the athlete "B", for whom the training program was inadequate to his capabilities.

Table 3. The dynamic changes in the study of parameters in the athlete "A"

In the first research the following data were received for the athlete A (Tab. 3, Fig. 1): at the beginning of the experiment body mass was 58,1 kg (at the competitive weight 55 kg). Fat mass was 8,5%, intercellular fluid - 64,1%, muscle mass - 50,5 kg.

The functional status according to Omega C (Tab. 3, Fig. 2) - level of adaptation to physical loads - 21%, body’s fitness level - 40%, energy supply of the body - 50%, psycho-emotional state - 43% and the integral index “Sports shape” - 39%, which indicates the satisfactory condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test (Tab. 3, Fig. 3) has the following effect: level of functioning - 0,7 - satisfactory. Functional loading - 5,3 - good, functional reserve - satisfactory (12,1).

In the second research the collected data were the following (Tab. 3, Fig. 1) body mass reduced to 56,8 kg (1,3 kg decrease). Fat mass was 8,2%, intercellular fluid remained almost unchanged 64,2%, and muscle mass decreased from 50,5 kg to 49,5 kg (1 kg decrease). So, body mass decreased at the expense of fat mass. This athlete is characterized by the extremely low content of fat mass.

Functional status by Omega C (Tab. 3, Fig. 2) - the level of adaptation to physical loads increased by 58% and comprised 79%, body’s fitness level grew from 40% to 100%, energy supply of the body increased by 40% (90%), psycho-emotional state - 52 % (95%) which promoted the increase of the integral index “Sports shape” by 54% and it comprised 93%, what indicates the not very good body condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test showed the positive growth dynamics in fitness (Tab. 3, Fig. 3) and had the following effect: level of functioning - 0,9 - good. Functional loading - 4,3 - good, functional reserve - good (21,3).

According to the scheme, suggested by Abramova T.F. and Ozolin N.N., the training program given to an athlete had a positive effect on development of his functional abilities and improvement of fitness. The authors estimate it as follows: developing training loading, when reaching an individual limit of the critical values of muscle mass and critically low value of fat mass one is to draw attention to the sufficient amount of compensatory work along with the decrease of the total amount of work.

In the third research at the beginning of the next training camp after rest the following data were received (Tab. 3, Fig. 1): body mass increased by 1 kg and amounted to 57,8 kg. Fat mass decreased to 5%, (3,2% decrease), intercellular fluid increased by 5,1% (69,1%), muscle mass increased by 3,2 kg (amounts to 52,7 kg).

The functional state according to Omega C (Tab. 1, Fig. 2): level of adaptation to physical loads increased and reached 96%, body’s fitness level remained 100%, energy supply of the body increased by 6% and amounted to 96%, psycho-emotional state increased insufficiently by 2% and amounted to 97%. The integral index “Sports shape” reached 98% out of 100%. This value conforms to the optimal body condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test (Tab.3, Fig. 3) had the following effect: functioning level - 1,04 – excellent condition. Functional loading - 3 – copes well with physical loads, functional reserve - 34,6, which corresponds to the excellent functional reserve of the organism.

Training loading was good for this athlete, as confirmed by the last result of the research.

Athlete B. The dynamic study of labile body mass showed that the suggested power loading was found inadequate for his organism.

Table 4. The dynamic changes of the studied parameters in the athlete B

In the first research the following data about the athlete B were received (Tab. 4, Fig. 4): at the beginning of the experiment body mass was 68,3 kg (with his competitive weight 60 kg), fat mass was 7,9%, intercellular fluid was 65,7%, muscle mass - 59,8 kg.

Functional status according to Omega C (Tab. 4, Fig. 5): level of adaptation to physical loads - 27%, body’s fitness level - 27%, energy supply of the body - 27%, psycho-emotional state - 32% and the integral index “Sports shape” - 29%, which corresponds to the dissatisfactory condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test (Tab. 4, Fig. 6) had the following effect: functioning level - 0,8 - satisfactory. Functional loading - 4,8 - good, functional reserve - satisfactory (15,8).

The data of the second research (Tab. 4, Fig. 4): body mass decreased from 67,7 to 66,7 kg (by 1 kg). Fat mass remained at the same level of 7,9%, intercellular fluid also remained and amounted to 65,6%, muscle mass decreased by 1,6 kg and amounted to 68,2 kg.

Functional status according to Omega C (Tab. 4, Fig. 5): the level of adaptation to physical loads kept decreasing and reached the level of 26%, body’s fitness level decreased by 5% and amounted to 22%, energy supply of the body increased by 1% (28%), psycho-emotional state improved by 5%. As a result the integral index “Sports shape” reached 29%, which corresponds to the unsatisfactory condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test (Tab. 4, Fig. 6) had the following effect: level of functioning - 0,7 - satisfactory. Functional loading - 6,8 - good, functional reserve - bad (10,1).

According to the scheme, suggested by Abramova T.F. and Ozolin N.N., training program rendered a negative impact on the athlete’s body. Training load is inadequate: high total volume along with extremely excessive anaerobic work at the lack of compensatory work. The total amount of work should be reduced at correction.

In the final third research we received the following data (Tab. 4, Fig. 4): body mass keeps decreasing and reaches 66,7 kg, which is 1 kg less than in the previous research. Fat mass increased by 3,7% and reached 11,6%, intercellular fluid decreased by 3,5 % and amounted to 62,1%, muscle mass decreased even more by 2,1 kg and reached the level of 56,1 kg.

Functional status according to Omega C (Tab. 4, Fig. 5): functional status improved after a one week rest. The level of adaptation to physical loadings increased up to до 49%, body’s fitness level comprised 51%, energy supply of the body increased up to 55%, psycho-emotional state increased by 50%. The integral index “Sports shape” was equal to 52%, conforming to the satisfactory condition.

The study of fitness level by the Ruffier test (Tab. 4, Fig. 6) had the following effect: level of functioning - 0,82 - good. Functional loading - 5,5 - good, functional reserve - 10,1 - satisfactory. The fitness level reached reference values.

Table 5. Estimation of adaptive response of athletes’ labile body mass components on the type of training load (according to Abramova T.F. and Ozolin N.N.)

In order to detect the correlations using the applied methods of research of athletes’ functional status (the integral index “Sports shape” was used from the program Omega C,  the “functional” reserve as a final estimated result of research from the Ruffier test modified by A.O. Akopyan) and labile body mass components (the results are adduced in Tab. 6).

Ruffier test shows the high correlation with labile components, muscle mass - (0,77) with fat mass (0,76), the software complex Omega C – the moderate correlation with muscle mass (0,46) and fat mass (0,36). The authors suggest that the presence of the weaker correlation with athletes’ labile body mass with the indices estimated using the software complex Omega C, which have more mediate indices that need to be interpreted in detail (Tab. 6).

Table 6. The correlation between labile body mass and functional research methods

Conclusions:

1. The experiment conducted with athletes from freestyle wrestling national teams proves the need to use labile components of body weight in the on-line monitoring as one of the most informative methods of on-line control.

2. The table “The dynamics of labile components of body weight and the type of training load”, designed by the employees of the laboratory of sports anthropology, morphology and genetics of ARSRIPhC (authors Abramova T.F., Ozolin N.N.), ensures on-line and timely correction of athlete’s individual training program.

3. The study made to establish the correlations of results of research methods indicated to their direct statistical comparability, ensuring more complete diagnosis of the overall picture of the type of training loading.

4. The applied research methods are informative and objective enough, which proves the suitability of their application in the on-line monitoring.

5. The findings of the study proved prospectivity of using computer medical scales instead of body fat caliper without detriment to the operating data on changes in the body composition influenced by various training loads and timely correction of the training program taking into account the adaptive response of every athlete.

References

1. Abramova, T.F. The capacity of using labile components of body weight in sports practice / T.F. Abramova, N.N. Ozolin // Teoriya i praktika fizicheskoy kultury. – 1996. – № 3. – P. 10-14. (In Russian)
2. Akopyan, A.O. Express evaluation of the level of functional reserve of fitness in martial arts / A.O. Akopyan // Teoriya i metodika sporta vysshikh dostizheniy. – 2006. – № 2. – P. 10-12. (In Russian)
3. Martirosov, E.G. Sports anthropology / E.G. Martirosov. – Moscow: Sovetsky sport, 1982. (In Russian)
4. Orlov, V.A, Fudin, N.A. Integrated program of assessment of human physical state and competences / V.A. Orlov, N.A. Fudin.  – Moscow: ARINA Group,1996. (In Russian)
5. Dorokhov, R.N., Guba, V.P. Sports morphology / R.N. Dorokhov, V.P. Guba.  –  Moscow: Sportakadempress. (In Russian)