PhD, Associate Professor S.P. Vinokurova¹
PhD, Associate Professor M.I. Senizova¹
PhD S.S. Gulyaeva²
PhD, Associate Professor V.R. Abramova^1
1Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk
²Churapcha Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, Churapcha

Corresponding author: sentizova@yandex.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to rate and analyze the sports-specific body constitutions and types in the indigenous Yakut male athletic groups.

Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the study the 16-19 year-old indigenous sporting males (n=322) under the physical development profiling program with the anthropometrics, functionality, somatic typing and body constitution testing and analyzing elements. We used the standard (as provided by A.S. Shchedrin, 2001) muscle functionality tests to rate the individual reserve capacities and constitutional types on a ‘stayer-sprinter’ scale. Motor and sensory functional asymmetry of the brain was rated by the lead limb/ eye/ ear detection tests. Somatic typing of the sample was based on the Rees-Eisenk indexing method [1]; and we used the SOMAX toolkit for the statistical processing of the test data [2].

Results and conclusion. The sample was grouped into the (1) freestyle wrestling (n=137); (2) team sports (volleyball, basketball and football, n = 52); and (3) ethnic sports (stick tugging also known as mas-wrestling, Northern combined and sledge jumping, n = 64) groups; that were additionally classified by the right/ left/ mixed types of asymmetry.

The study methods and analyses using the standard body typing tests made it possible to obtain objective sports-specific morphology and functionality test data in the indigenous Yakut male sample – that lay a basis for further body typing studies. We found that the habitual active sports facilitate physical progress with no serious detriment to the historic Northern ecotype well-adapted to the harsh Yakut climate.

Keywords: physical development of young males, morpho-functional status, body constitution, somatic types. 

Background. Modern physical development / physical fitness test systems for young athletes make no consideration for the actual factors of influence on the morphologic and functional specifics in the genotypic (ethnic, constitutional) and phenotypic (climatic/ geographic) contexts. These factors, however, are or influence on many biological and demographic processes and, hence, important for the popular physical development / health/ age variations analyses. Genetic backgrounds and environmental conditions are known to affect the bodily variability to a degree with rather individual and unique extremes. As provided by B.A. Nikityuk (1988), modern genetic diagnostics prioritize sets of morphological criteria including the body proportions, fat mass, skeletal muscle shapes, shares of fibers in the latter etc. that collectively determine an individual somatic type – that in its turn is known to be indicative of the key physical qualities and motor resources. Somatic type may be generally defined as the broad biological concept with the relevant specific varying traits and physical development priorities [5].

Objective of the study was to rate and analyze the sports-specific body constitutions and types in the indigenous Yakut male athletic groups.

Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the study the 16-19 year-old indigenous sporting males (n=322) under the physical development profiling program with the anthropometric characteristics, functionality, somatotyping and body constitution testing and analyzing elements. We used the standard (as provided by A.S. Shchedrin, 2001) muscle functionality tests to rate the individual reserve capacities and constitutional types on a ‘stayer-sprinter’ scale. Motor and sensory functional asymmetry of the brain was rated by the lead limb/ eye/ ear detection tests. Somatic typing of the sample was based on the Rees-Eisenk indexing method [1]; and we used the SOMAX toolkit for the statistical processing of the test data [2].

Results and discussion. The sample was grouped into the (1) freestyle wrestling (n=137); (2) team sports (volleyball, basketball and football, n = 52); and (3) ethnic sports (stick tugging also known as mas-wrestling, Northern combined and sledge jumping, n = 64) groups; that were additionally classified by the right/ left/ mixed types of asymmetry: see Figure 1.

Figure 1. Sports-specific functional asymmetry test data of the sample

The motor and sensory functionality tests rated 51.24%, 40.37% and 8.39% of the sample with the right, mixed (provisionally symmetrical type referred to as the ambidexterity) and left asymmetry, i.e. dominant left, equal and dominant right brain hemispheres, respectively. Asymmetry in the unsporting subsample was rated 57.08%, 36.75% and 6.16% right, mixed and left, respectively.

Figures 1-3 show that the freestyle wrestling group showed dominance of the mesomorphic body type (56.20%); and was ranked as ‘prone to sprint’ or interim energy supply type on the adaptive reactions test scale (29.92%). The motor and sensory functionality tests found dominance (56.20%) of the right asymmetry typical for the prevailing left hemisphere activity.

Figure 2. Sports-specific body constitutions in the sample

The team sports group was tested with dominant dolichomorphic somatic type (61.54%), plus ‘prone to stayers’ type of adaptive strategy (34.62%); with most of the group (53.84%) tested with symmetrical (mixed) brain activity profiles i.e. provisionally balanced hemispheric activities (ambidexterity).

And the ethnic sports group was found different from the above in the dominant mesomorphic body type (51.56%) and aerobic energy sources of ‘stayer’ type (32.82%); with 46.88% and 45.31% tested with the right and mixed hemispheric activities, respectively.

Conclusion. The study methods and analyses using the standard body typing tests made it possible to obtain objective sports-specific morphology and functionality test data in the indigenous Yakut male sample – that lay a basis for further body typing studies. We found that the habitual active sports facilitate physical progress with no serious detriment for the historic Northern ecotype well-adapted to the harsh Yakut climate.

Figure 3. Constitution- and sports-specific adaptive responses to static pressures in the sample

References

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2. Vinokurova S.P., Artemyev A.A., Vinokurov A.A. Certificate of state registration of computer program. Russian Federation. Information and analytical system SOMAX. No. 2013660177; registered 28.10. 2013.
3. Zavalko Y.V. Somatotypological characteristics of children with different motor activity. Actual problems of theoretical, experimental, clinical medicine and pharmacy. Proceedings nat. conference. Tyumen, 2012. pp. 179-180.
4. Koinosov P.G., Khvesko A.C., Zavalko Y.V. et al. Individual-typological characteristics of young men with different motor regimen. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2011. No. 1, V. 12. pp. 62-65.
5. Umanets V.A. Sports genetics. Lecture course. Study guide. Irkutsk: Irkutsk branch RSUPESYT publ., 2010. 129 p.