PhD, Associate Professor E.O. Rybakova¹
PhD, Associate Professor T.N. Shutova²
PhD, Associate Professor M.A. Vozisova^1
1Tchaikovsky State Institute of Physical Culture, Tchaikovsky
²Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow

Keywords: body composition tests, ski jumping sport, gender-specific tests, individual training cards, physical fitness.

Background. As provided by the valid Federal Sport Training Standard for ski jumping sport approved by the Ministry of Sports Order No. 394 of June 18, 2013, a training system shall be designed to have fixed and analyzed, on an obligatory basis, the main progress test data with every key parameter of the training process. However, the sports basics mastering training systems in Russia are still in need of comprehensive athletic fitness test criteria [2, 3]. It should be mentioned that foreign sport research community gives a special priority to the anthropometric and body composition test data – critical for many sports including the modern ski jumping sport sensitive to the body morphology, flight balancing skills, equipment etc. [5, 6, 9]. The modern ski jumping sport techniques are known to heavily depend on the athlete's body weight; shin length; limbs to ski length ratios; pelvis/ shoulder girth/ width; body mass index; body weight with equipment and outfits, ski length; morphological factor of ascension power (morphology to ascension power index; hip girth/ length, Rohrer index) etc. [9].

It should be noted that the bone/ muscle mass growth rates in the 12-15 year-olds are gender-specific, with the highest growth rates in males and slower growth rates in the 13-14+ year old females, with the gender dimorphism peaking around 15 years of age. Therefore, the training systems need to be gender-specific, with a special priority to the flight skills specific body composition tests – that means that an athlete needs to find maximums and minimums in the key factors of influence on the flying skills to develop the individual best aerodynamic stance with a right body-to-skies flight angle (ideally with the chin close to the ski tips as required by the aerodynamic stance standard) [1]. Experts from the Children and Youth Olympic Reserve Sport School (CYORSS) "Aist" (Nizhny Tagil city) confirm the need in special medical examinations of the junior jumpers, with the anthropometric measurements and body composition tests (Inbody 720) test data used in trainings [2, 3].

Objective of the study was to test benefits of a new gender-specific training model for the 12-15 year old ski jumpers with the body composition tests and physical fitness tests.

Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the new model testing experiment the Class II-III qualified 12-15 year old ski jumpers (n=74, including 25 girls and 49 boys). Based on a pre-experimental test data, we produced the individual training cards with the physical fitness / body composition control recommendations. Physical fitness of the sample was tested by the speed and strength endurance rating bench jumping and forearm plank tests; jumping skills and speed-strength rating standing long jump and triple jump tests; static balancing and muscle control skills rating board balancing time test (with the frontal and sagittal test elements); movement coordination skills rating figure-of-eight and hurdles tests; and the flexibility rating front lean and ankle joint flexion tests. The body composition of the sample was rated by Inbody 720 and Esteck System tests [4, 7, 8].

Results and discussion. The 12-15-year period is known to be a puberty period with its hormonal peaks and fast growth rates including the fat/ muscle mass growth. The boys and girls group anthropometric characteristics were as follows: body length: 165.1 cm and 159.1 cm; body weight: 50.6 kg and 48.7 kg, respectively; and body mass index: 16-18 kg/m2 (within the age norm). A special attention was given to the adipose tissue known to be both a metabolic and an endocrine organ producing its own hormones and bioactive peptides and affecting the sex hormones. The girls group’s body adiposity index was tested at 28.2% i.e. in need of intense corrective aerobic practices and individual dieting recommendations. The boys and girls groups were tested significantly different on the muscle mass scale: 25.3% and 19.1%, respectively: see Table 1.

Table 1. Body composition tests data

Basal metabolic rate is the daily energy claimed by the basic vital functions including the body heating, breathing and blood circulation at the basal metabolic level. The basal metabolic rate in the girls and boys groups were tested at 1116 kcal and 1366 kcal (p <0.05), respectively. Given in Table 2 is an individual training card designed for the athletic progress, with the body composition tests, competitive progress, special physical fitness and team ranking data. The card gives practical individual progress recommendations with every jump element excellence tools, ankle joint flexibility training, body mass control, physical fitness versus the peer physical fitness and other data.

Table 2. Individual training card of a 15-year-old girl

The individual card shows the physical fitness progress for the experimental period as a result of the individual training program with specific progress in the standing jump test from 28 to 33 times; frontal balance test from 2.9s to 3.2s; figure-of-eight test from 18.9s to 20.6s; standing long jump test from 180cm to 189cm; and the triple jump tests from 566cm to 623cm (p<0.05): see Figure 1.

The study tested (Table 3) the girls group with better progress in the flexibility, static muscle strength and bench jump tests; and the boys group with the better progress in the speed-strength tests (standing long jump and triple jump tests).

Pre-experimental (pre) Post-experimental (post)Figure 1. Individual physical fitness test data

Furthermore, the girls were tested with the higher progresses in the pre- versus post-experimental front lean (12.7cm to 17.2cm) and bench jump (2.4.7 to 29.3 times) tests.

Table 3. Physical fitness test data

Note: *significance of intergroup difference, р<0.05

The girls and boys groups made 117 s and 102 s in the forearm plank test (p <0.05); although the boys group was better in the speed-strength tests: 207.9 cm versus 183.8 cm in the standing long jump test; and 630 cm versus 590.8 cm in the triple jump test (p <0.05); respectively. Note that the latter test is indicative of the push-off speed strength.

Conclusion. Bioimpedance analysis made it possible to correct the individual seasonal diets so as to prevent unhealthy body fat losses in the boys group. The body mass indices and body adiposity indices were tested to fall to the standard level with the significant growth in the special physical fitness and competitive performance.

References

1. Zebzeev V.V., Zdanovich O.S., Barinov M.V. Actual directions of pedagogical control in Nordic combined and ski jumping. Physical education, sports, tourism: innovative projects and best practices. Proc. Intern. res.-practical Conf. 90th anniversary of the physical education department. L.B. Andryushchenko, S.I. Filimonova [ed.]. M., 2019.pp. 655-659.
2. Lebedev G.K. Assessment of special fitness characteristics of junior ski jumpers. Vestnik sportivnoy nauki. 2018. no. 3. pp. 19-24.
3. Lebedev G.K. Assessment of technical fitness level of ski jumpers at basic training stages. Uchenye zapiski universiteta im. P.F. Lesgafta. 2018. no. 1 (155). pp  142-147.
4. Shutova T.N., Rybakova E.O. Study of body composition in women and men of different age periods in health management. Uchenye zapiski universiteta im. P.F. Lesgafta. 2018. no. 12 (166). pp. 299-303.
5. Müller W. Determinants of ski-jump performance and implications for health, safety and fairness (2009). Sports Medicine. No. 39. pp.85-106.
6. Müller S, Kreibich S., Wiese G. (2014). Analyse der nationalen und internationalen leistungs entwicklung im Skispringen. Training swissenschaft. No. 21 (2). pp. 97–111.
7. Shutova T., Vysotskaya T. (2019). Development of methods of population’s physical training by using various types of fitness based on body composition`s accounting. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14 (4proc). pp.877-S884. doi:https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc4.50.
8. Shutova T.N. (2017). Modeling of fitness technologies in the process of physical education of students on the basis of diagnostics "Esteck system complex". Theory and practice of physical culture. No 9. pp. 30-32.
9. Vodicar J., Jost B. (2011). The relationship between selected kinematic and length of jump of the ski-flying competition. Kinesiology. No. 43 (1). pp. 74-81.

Corresponding author: fendel82@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to test benefits of a new gender-specific training model for the 12-15 year old ski jumpers with the body composition tests and physical fitness tests.

Methods and structure of the study. We sampled for the new model testing experiment the Class II-III qualified 12-15 year old ski jumpers (n=74, including 25 girls and 49 boys). Based on a pre-experimental test data, we produced the individual training cards with the physical fitness / body composition control recommendations. Physical fitness of the sample was tested by the speed and strength endurance rating bench jumping and forearm plank tests; jumping skills and speed-strength rating standing long jump and triple jump tests; static balancing and muscle control skills rating board balancing time test (with the frontal and sagittal test elements); movement coordination skills rating figure-of-eight and hurdles tests; and the flexibility rating front lean and ankle joint flexion tests. The body composition of the sample was rated by Inbody 720 and Esteck System tests.

Results and conclusions. The girls outperformed the boys in three control exercises characterizing flexibility, static muscle strength and speed endurance; however, the boys significantly outperformed the girls in the speed-strength exercises (standing long jump and standing triple jump). We detected an increase in the amount of adipose tissue in the girls - 28.2%, which necessitated the use of increased aerobic loads, individual dietary recommendations. The muscle component of the body was significant higher in the young males (25.3%) as compared to the females (19.1%).

The training process management model for ski jumpers proved its significance: the bio-impedance analysis made it possible to correct the individual seasonal diets so as to prevent unhealthy body fat losses in the boys group. The body mass indices and body adiposity indices were tested to fall to the standard level with the significant growth in the special physical fitness and competitive performance.