PhD, Professor PhD, Professor V.A. Vishnevsky¹
PhD, Associate Professor I.E. Yudenko¹
PhD, Associate Professor A.A. Peshkov^1
1Surgut State University, Surgut

Keywords: adaptive swimming; integrated control, relationship of laboratory and field tests.

Background. The problems of integrated control as an important aspect of sports training management have been covered in the fundamental works of V.N. Platonov devoted to the training of domestic swimmers [2], as well as in the works of C.J. Gore devoted to the training of Australian swimmers [5]. However, in recent years, new ideas have emerged about the key factors of physical training of swimmers at different stages of sports selection [3, 4]. The equation of average swimming speed [1] was composed. However, the inclusion of these components in the integrated assessment of swimmers’ training poses serious organizational and methodological difficulties and becomes possible only at the level of the Russian team, including an interdisciplinary research team, and under specific conditions (hydrodynamic channel, equipment to conduct tests directly on water). Thus, the search for new informative methods to control the level of training in adaptive swimming, combining tests both in laboratory and pool conditions, which is the subject of this study, remains a topical issue.

Objective of the study was to identify the relationship between laboratory test indicators and swimming results in people with disabilities.

Methods and structure of research. Subject to the study were swimmers with hearing impairment and musculoskeletal disorders at the age of 15-19 years engaged in adaptive sports. The adaptive reactions at the vegetative level were assessed at rest and in the orthostatic test based on the heart rate variability rates using the "ORTOExpert" diagnostic system and "Science" software application. The COSMEDK5 portable device was used to measure the respiratory and metabolic rates during load testing. The athletes were subject to a step load test "to failure" at the load power of 15 W performed with both the upper and lower limbs, each step taking 1 minute. Electrocardiogram and heart rate were recorded after each load step with the help of the GuarkT12x hardware-software complex and Polar cardio tester. Based on the circumferences and skin-fat folds of the thigh, shin, forearm, and shoulder, the skin-muscle girth of the corresponding segments was determined. The effectiveness and efficiency of swimming were evaluated in the "16x50 m" test (1st-4th segments - easy, 5th-8th - faster, 9th-12th - fast, 13th-16th - maximum). We measured the swimming time and speed, the length and speed of the swimming stroke, the swimmers’ heart rate at each segment. Based on the results of measurements, two graphs and trend lines were constructed: the ratio of the stroke speed to the swimming speed as a coefficient of effectiveness; the ratio of the heart rate to the swimming speed as a coefficient of efficiency.

Results and discussion. The heart rate variability analysis revealed that only 11.1% of swimmers had a satisfactory level of adaptation, 55.6% - tension of the adaptation mechanisms, and 33.3% - poor adaptation. The cardiac rhythmogram data showed significant correlations with the swimming results, from which statistical indicators were allocated (Table 1). What calls attention to itself is that there is quite a high correlation between the resting heart rate, especially in the orthostatic test, and the swimming time.

Table 1. Relationship between cardiac rhythmogram data and swimming time in "16x50 m" test

Table 2. Relationship between effectiveness and efficiency of per unit of musculoskeletal girth of lower and upper limbs in step load test "to failure" and swimming time in "16x50 m" test

Table 3. Relationship between respiratory and metabolic rates when working "to failure" and swimming time in "16x50 m" test

The best swimming time at a particular distance segment correlates with:

– the average length of the swimming stroke (r=-0.834, p<0.01), on the 13th-16th-m segments (r=-0.813, p<0.01), on the fastest segment (r=-0.739, p<0.01);

– the average coefficient of effectiveness (r=0.895, p<0.01), on 13th-16th-m segments (r=0.891, p<0.01), on the fastest segment (r=0.819, p<0.01);

– the average coefficient of efficiency (r=0.965, p<0.01), on 13th-16th-m segments (r=0.968, p<0.01), on the fastest segment (r=0.693, p<0.01);

Conclusion. The study data helped identify a set of informative laboratory test rates that correlate well with the swimming test rates, which enables to use them to enhance the quality of the educational and training process management in adaptive swimming.

References

1. Kolmogorov S.V. Energy supply and biomechanics of swimming in extreme conditions of sports activity. Doct. Diss. Abstract (Biol.). Arkhangelsk, 1996. 61 p.
2. Platonov V.N. Olympic training system: general theory and its practical applications. Kiev: Olimpiyskaya literatura publ., 2004. 806 p.
3. Pilipko O.A. Features of technical and tactical skills of highly skilled breaststroke swimmers at 100 meters distance. Fizicheskoe vospitanie studentov. 2012. No. 3. pp. 98-102.
4. Polikarpochkin A.N., Levshin I.V., Povareshchenkova Yu.A., Polikarpochkina N.V. Biomedical monitoring of functional state and performance of swimmers in the training and competitive processes. Guidelines. M.: Sovetskiy sport publ., 2014. 128 p.
5. Gore C.J., Clark S.A., Saunders P.U. Nonhematological mechanisms of improved sea-level performance after hypoxic exposure. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.2007 Vol. 39, N 9. pp. 1600-1609.

Corresponding author: apokin_vv@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to identify the relationship between laboratory test results and swimming test rates in people with disabilities.

Methods and structure of research. Subject to the study were swimmers with hearing impairment and musculoskeletal disorders at the age of 15-19 years engaged in adaptive sports.

Research results and conclusions. The highest correlations with the results in the "16x50 m" test were shown in such parameters of efficiency of the unit of the musculoskeletal girth of the lower and upper extremities in the test "to muscular failure" as the load phase increase angle in the arm exercise (r=0.929, p<0.01), the load phase increase angle related to the power of failure in the arm exercise (r=0.988, p<0.01), the power of failure with respect to the musculoskeletal girth of the shoulder and arms as a whole (r=-0.930, p<0.01), the pulse cost in relation to the musculoskeletal girth of the legs and arms related to the power of failure (r=0.893, p<0.01). Among respiratory and metabolic indices, the swimming results to the greatest extent correlate with the oxygen consumption at maximal load (r=-0.796, p<0.01), carbon dioxide emission at the time of muscular failure (r=-0.708, p<0.01), oxygen pulse at maximal load (r=-0.794, p<0.01) and on the 2nd minute of recovery (r=-0.823, p<0.01). What calls attention to itself is that there is quite a high correlation between the resting heart rate (r=0.793, p<0.01), especially in the orthostatic test (r=0.823, p<0.01), and the swimming time.

Thus, some promising parameters of integrated control have been identified to make the adaptive swimming training process more effective.