PhD, Associate Professor S.P. Vinokurova¹
PhD, Associate Professor M.I. Sentizova¹
Master student T.V. Nemtseva^1
1North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk

Keywords: physical development of young males, morphofunctional status, constitutional characteristics, somatotypological characteristics.

Background. The existing unstable economic, ethnic and cultural situation, as well as the significant changes in demographic indicators, necessitate the development of biomedical programs aimed to maintain and improve public health and impact forecast in the morphophysiological adaptation of the human body to environmental conditions [1-3].

The genotypic (ethnic, constitutional) and phenotypic (climatogeographic) factors influence biological and demographic processes, which in turn are reflected as features of physical development and other health indicators of the modern generation, and the changing age structure of the population [4-6].

Objective of the study was to identify the effects of regular sports activities on the morphofunctional development of young male students.

Methods and structure of the study. The study involved the 16-19 year-old indigenous males (n=760), including 322 (42.37%) sporting males - Group 1 and 438 (57.63%) non-sporting males - Group 2. The study was carried out in Yakutsk under the program of unified technology to determine the level of physical development. Besides, it includes identification of the anthropometric, functional, somatotypological, and constitutional features.

Results and discussion. The main morphofunctional indicators of the groups are presented in the table.

The table shows no statistically significant differences in the body length rates of the Groups 1 and 2 males (p>0.05). With a tendency towards a larger body mass in the group of athletes, the differences were also insignificant. The statistically significant differences (p<0.001) were obtained when measuring the chest circumference, which was 87.72±10.63 cm for the athletes, ranging from 73.30 cm to 118.00 cm; for Group 2  84.3010.53 cm (72.00-111.50 cm).

Table 1. Main morphofunctional indicators in indigenous male group according to motor mode (М±т)

Regular exercises are known to increase the vital capacity rates significantly. The vital capacity rates were equal in Group 1 - 3734.32±162.49 ml, in Group 2 - 3454.93±157.82 ml (p<0.01). Accordingly, this rate per kilogram of body mass was 62.13 ml/kg and 58.79+1.08 ml/kg. The increase in the birth-death ratio was accompanied by the higher values of chest excursion - by 1.64 cm (p<0.05). The higher rates of vital capacity, chest excursion, and birth-death ratio in the athletes indicated sufficiently high functional reserve capacities, which is an important mechanism of adaptation to physical loads and other environmental factors.

The highest wrist dynamometry rates were also found in the young males involved in sports. The right and left hand dynamometry rates in this group equaled 39.88±0.81 kg and 37.55±0.84 kg in absolute value and 65.69% and 61.85% in relative value. In Group 2, the absolute values were 37.78±0.75 kg and 34.70±0.71 kg, the relative ones - 63.96% and 58.78% (p<0.01).

The analysis of the hemodynamic indices in Group 1 revealed a downward trend in HR. Thus, while in the athletes, HR equaled 72.33±0.90 bpm, in Group 2 subjects it was 73.82±0.70 bpm. There was also a slight decrease in the blood pressure rates in the males involved in sports.

The analysis of the distribution of constitutional types among the young males revealed the diversity of somatotypes. According to the Rees-Eysenck index, 42.24% of males involved in sports belonged to the dolichomorphic somatotype, 51.86% - to the mesomorphic body type, and 5.9% - to the brachymorphic one. Among the non-sporting males, the figures were as follows: 57.99%, 38.13%, and 3.88%, respectively.

The Rees-Eysenck index in the sporting young males of all somatotypes indicated the predominance of mesomorphic body type. The somatotype diagnostics of the young males not involved in sports revealed that it was the dolichomorphic body type that prevailed.

The analysis of the morphofunctional indicators in the representatives of various constitutional types depending on their physical activity level helped identify the role of the genetic and phenotypic factors in the formation of the human body. We detected significant differences in the fat and muscle body mass components, which testifies to the more harmonious physical development of athletes. Among the representatives of the brachymorphic somatotype, the morphofunctional indicators did not differ statistically significantly in dependence to sports activities.

The analysis of the main morphofunctional indicators of the indigenous males with different levels of motor activity revealed statistically significant differences in most of them. Sports activities affect such parameters as chest circumference, vital capacity, birth-death ratio, muscle strength, and body component composition (absolute and relative fat and muscle body mass).

Conclusions. The body of athletes has higher functional characteristics, which in turn can contribute not only to the improvement of sports results but also to better tolerance to unfavorable climatic conditions of Yakutia. Sports activities of the residents of Yakutia promote the development of their functional reserves and improves the adaptation mechanisms, which undoubtedly has a positive effect on the viability of the organism.

Therefore, the somatotype diagnostics results provided an objective picture of the morphofunctional characteristics of young male athletes. It can be assumed that regular sports activities stimulate the development of the body properties, which contribute to the creation of a stable population in the modern North without disrupting the overall structure of the northern ecotype.

References

1. Vinokurova S.P. Assessment of students’ physical health (case study of Northeast Federal University). Medical and pharmaceutical journal «PULS», Kaliningrad. 2019. pp. 83-87.
2. Zavalko Yu.V. Somatotypological features of the body of children with different motor activity. Actual problems of theoretical, experimental, clinical medicine and pharmacy. Nat. conf. proc.. Tyumen, 2012. pp. 179-180.
3. Koynosov P.G., Khvesko A.C., Zavalko Yu.V. et al. Individually typological features of young men with different motor conditions. Meditsinskaya nauka i obrazovanie Urala. 2011. No. 1. v. 12. pp. 62-65.
4. Sukhanova I.V., Vdovenko S.I., Maksimov A.L. Morphological and functional characteristics of body of young men living in various climatogeographic zones of the Magadan region. Ekologiya cheloveka. 2010. No. 3. pp. 24-30.
5. Tolstikova N.V. Morphofunctional assessment of adaptation of Middle Ob region students to various motor modes. Abstract of PhD diss.. Tyumen, 2007. 24 p.

Corresponding author: sentizova@yandex.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to identify the effects of regular sports activities on the morphofunctional development of young male students.

Methods and structure of the study. The study involved the 16-19 year-old indigenous males (n=760), including 322 (42.37%) sporting males - Group 1 and 438 (57.63%) non-sporting males - Group 2. The study was carried out in Yakutsk under the program of unified technology to determine the level of physical development. Besides, it includes identification of the anthropometric, functional, somatotypological, and constitutional features.

Results and conclusions. The analysis of the main morphofunctional indicators of the indigenous males with different levels of motor activity revealed statistically significant differences in most of them. Sports activities affect such parameters as chest circumference, vital capacity, birth-death ratio, muscle strength, and body component composition (absolute and relative fat and muscle body mass).

The analysis of the morphofunctional indicators in the representatives of various constitutional types, depending on their sports activities, indicated the role of the genetic and phenotypic markers in the formation of the body. Significant differences were detected in the muscle and fat components indicating the effects of regular sports activities and a more harmonious physical development of athletes. In the representatives of the brachymorphic somatotype, the morphofunctional indicators did not differ significantly depending on sports activities.