A.N. Katenkov¹
PhD, Associate Professor E.A. Anisimova¹
Postgraduate student E.M. Novikov^1
1Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk

Keywords: sprint, training provisions, factors, training workload, training and competitive performance.

Background. Competitive success in modern sprint depends on the individual adaptability to the training workload; training system design and management; athlete’s individual qualities and abilities, etc. The sport community gives a high priority to new training models to secure competitive progress. A special role is played by the coaching service and the training system management toolkit that need to prudently take into account every aspect and factor of influence on the sprint stride speed controls.

Objective of the study was to offer a sprint speed building model with account of the factors of influence on the individual training and competitive performance.

Methods and structure of the study. Competitive progress in the modern sprint events depends on multiple aspects and factors that may be listed as follows:

- Physical and technical fitness test rates;

- Functionality test rates;

- Individual stride control techniques;

- Ground contact control skills;

- Upper and lower limb movement coordination skills;

- Stride length and pace control skills;

- Startup and momentum gaining skills, etc.

Elite sprinter’s training and competitive performance is known to depend, among other key factors, on provisions for the individual stride control technique excellence training tools and methods that should be reasonably versatile to keep up the progress facilitating mental/ emotional state, ease the tension in the key muscle groups, and establish good cooperative climate in the team. Coach should give a special priority to the athletes’ satisfaction with the training system design and management service. Every individual training session should be reasonably customized to the individual motivations, interests, actual resources and progress needs.

Furthermore, training systems need to be customized to the individual functionality progress test data since the systematic and specific physical workloads are known to trigger complex transformations in biochemical parameters and functions. The efforts to build up the individual competitive sprint speed should take into account many factors of influence including the individual adaptability to the training workload variations versus the natural morphological and functional progress profiles; and it should be borne in mind that the individual adaptation mechanisms can act differently depending on the physical training process volumes and intensities.

Many studies [2-4, 9, 6, 8, etc.] have shown that a new functioning level is attained when the training workload is close to the individual maximum. Training systems designed on this basis secure the athlete being highly fit for the competitive stressors to demonstrate the best performance. The muscle excitability and sensitivity excellence trainings facilitate performance of the nervous centers to effectively control the fast excitation and inhibition processes as required by the training workload, training process intensity and key motor skills.

Movement speed may be interpreted as one of manifestations for the individual functionality and fitness with a leading role played by the nervous system [7]. Modern sprint claims contributions from every physiological system to step up the musculoskeletal system performance and work intensity with the relevant inputs from every department of the central nervous system. Thus the sprint skills training tools need to be prudently selected to ensure progress in power of the working muscle groups to expand their effective movement range.

Individual excellence training systems in modern sprint may include cross-country racing practices to effectively develop the aerobic capacities as a basis for special endurance. Evenly-paced cross-country racing practices are known to improve the cardio-respiratory system performance, dynamic strength of the key muscle groups plus the inspiratory, expiratory muscles, vital capacity, MPV rates etc.

The trainings should be designed to facilitate the stride control and analysis for the sprinter being able to feel and control own performance in the context of the natural pheno-typological differences and develop the individual best sprinting style for competitive progress and success. Only a creative and analytical approach to the training process design and management may help prevent/ correct natural technical errors in the sprint techniques excellence process, mitigate the competitive stresses and secure the best and stable competitive performance.

We tested our new sprint speed building model designed with account of the factors of influence on the individual training and competitive performance at Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University in 2017 through 2018. We sampled for the model testing experiment the 18-20 year old Class I/ II academic women sprinters (n= 24) specialized in the 100/ 200m sprint events, and evenly split up the sample into Experimental Group (EG) and Control Group (CG) of 12 people each.

Background sprint fitness of the sample was tested by the following pre-experimental tests: 60m high-start sprint; 150m high-start sprint; 3000m high-start race; standing triple jump; and 10 sequential standing long jumps tests. The tests found no meaningful intergroup (EG vs. CG) differences (p> 0.05). The CG was trained as required by the traditional sprint training system recommended by the Track and Field Sports Federation; and the EG trainings were dominated by the new sprint speed building model designed with account of the factors of influence on the individual training and competitive performance. The group progress was tested by the post-experimental tests.

Results and discussion. The pre- versus post-experimental test data and analysis showed progresses in both groups with a significantly better progress in the EG. Thus the 60m sprint test showed the CG and EG making progresses from 8.01 ± 0.07 to 7.90 ± 0.08 s (p> 0.05) and from 8.03 ± 0.11 to 7.70 ± 0.10 s (p> 0.05), respectively. In the 150m sprint tests, the CG and EG made progresses from 24.10 ± 0.12 to 23.0 ± 0.14 s (p> 0.05) and from 24.12 ± 0.13 to 21.20 ± 0.21 s (p <0.05), respectively. The similar differences in the pre- versus post-experimental intergroup progress test data were found by the other tests.

The new model testing experiment showed that the training and competitive performance progress in the excellence sprint groups may be facilitated by the efforts to: secure gradual adaptation to physical workloads; prevent/ mitigate the process stressors; effectively apply the most efficient training tools to develop the success motivations, increase self-confidence and satisfaction with the training process climate and progress; and fully mobilize the individual creative resource and natural gifts/ predispositions for success. A special priority in the trainings will be given to the following leading factors: stride length/ pace controls and momentum gaining techniques; training workload management with an emphasis on the volume and intensity control aspects; and the ability to mobilize the individual resource for progress.

Conclusion. The new sprint speed building model with account of the factors of influence on the individual training and competitive performance was tested beneficial as verified by the EG versus CG pre- and post-experimental progress tests. It was found that the training system efficiency in modern sprint excellence groups highly depends on the coach’s and athlete’s ability to prudently design and manage the training process with account of every aspect and factor of influence on the performance to improve the stride speed control skills.

References

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2. Anisimova E.A., Kozlovskiy M.A. Sprint running skills mastering process in elite athletes. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 2010, no. 9, pp. 76.
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Corresponding author: tin443051@mail.ru

Abstract

Objective of the study was to increase the sprint running speed based on the factors that determine the effectiveness of training and competitive activities.

Methods and structure of research. The study was conducted on the basis of Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after V.I. Ulyanov from 2017 to 2018. Two groups were formed: Control (CG) and Experimental (EG), 12 sprinters each.

The training sessions in the CG were conducted according to the traditional methodology in accordance with the athletic training program for qualified sprinters as recommended by the Russian Athletic Federation; in the EG, we applied a specially developed methodology that considers the pedagogical conditions and factors affecting the speed of running.

Results of the study. The educational experiment showed that the main pedagogical conditions and factors contributing to the improvement of effectiveness of the training and competitive activities of sprinters are as follows: ensuring gradual adaptation of athletes to muscle loads; conditions that exclude stresses of different nature; a system of special pedagogical influences that ensure the creation of a situation of success, increase of self-confidence, formation of a sense of satisfaction from trainings, realization of creative abilities and inclinations.

Conclusion. The effectiveness of training loads in sprint running is largely determined by the ability of the coach and athlete to rationally program the training system, taking into account the conditions and factors that contribute to the increase in the speed of running steps.