PhD, Associate Professor A.E. Chikov¹
Dr.Med., Professor D.S. Medvedev^{1, 2}
PhD, Associate Professor S.N. Chikova^1
1Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology FMBA Russia, St. Petersburg
²St. Petersburg I.I. Mechnikov State Medical University, St. Petersburg

The main physiological factors limiting the implementation of short-term work of maximum intentsity include the possibilities of energy supply for muscle activity and the possibility of neuromuscular transmission of efferent and afferent impulses.
Objective of the study was to rate and analyze the energy inputs to the muscular activity and neuro-muscular transmission of afferent and efferent impulses by the Wingate tests. Sampled for 265 test sessions under the study were the 18-35 male Class I-III athletes specialized in cyclic and acyclic sport disciplines and weighing 79.1±0.47kg on average. Each athlete was examined by medical experts to qualify for the Wingate test on cycle ergometer Monarch Ergomedic 894E. The test data were processed by Statistica-10 software, with the test data normality rated by the Shapiro-Wilk test, and with every rate in excess of 2s was removed from the sample to increase its consistency. The study data and analyses gave us the reasons to conclude that the short-term maximal-intensity work efficiency generally depends on the following key factors: energy supply system and the neuro-muscular transmission of afferent and efferent impulses. Biomechanical test data generated by the Wingate test make it possible to differentiate the energy supply system and the neuro-muscular transmission of afferent and efferent impulses. The working capacity limitation factors may be purposefully modified by the training system management tools to step up the training system efficiency and, hence, the athletic fitness.

Keywords: energy supply for muscular activity, mechanical efficiency rate, Wingate test, fatigue index.

References

1. Golubev I.V. Zakonomernosti transformatsii metabolicheskoy energii v sportivnom plavanii u podrostkov s 13 do 16 let [Patterns of metabolic energy transformation in professional swimming in 13-16 year-olds]. PhD diss.. Arkhangelsk, 2000, 121 p.
2. Zatsiorskiy V.M. Fizicheskie kachestva sportsmena: osnovy teorii i metodiki vospitaniya [Athlete's physical qualities: fundamentals of theory and methods of development]. Sovetskiy sport publ., 2009, 199 p.
3. Kolmogorov S.V., Rumyantseva O.A., Koygerov S.V. Gidrodinamicheskie harakteristiki plovtsov razlichnogo pola i kvalifikatsii [Hydrodynamic characteristics of swimmers of different gender and qualifications]. Teoriya i praktika fiz. kultury, 1994, no. 9, pp. 31-38.
4. Mikhaylov S.S. Sportivnaya biokhimiya [Sport biochemistry]. Phys. ed. un. textbook. Moscow: Sovetskiy sport publ., 2004, 220 p.
5. Mishchenko M.V. Pokazateli gazoobmena u sportsmenov pri nagruzkakh na vynoslivost: Problemy sportivnoy meditsiny [Gas exchange indices in athletes under endurance loads: Problems of sports medicine]. Collected research. Moscow., 1975, 152 p.
6. Platonov V.N. Sistema podgotovki sportsmenov v olimpiyskom sporte: obshchaya teoriya i ee prakticheskie prilozheniya [Olympic training system: general theory and its practical applications]. Moscow: Sovetskiy sport publ., 2005, 820 p.
7. Sonkin V.D. Fizicheskaya rabotosposobnost i energoobespechenie myshechnoy funktsii v postnatalnom ontogeneze cheloveka [Physical work capacity and energy supply of muscle function in human postnatal ontogenesis]. Fiziologiya cheloveka [Human physiology], 2007, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 81-99.
8. Utkin V.L. Energeticheskoe obespechenie i optimalnye rezhimy tsiklicheskoy myshechnoy raboty [Energy supply and optimal modes of cyclic muscular work]. Doct. diss. abstract. Moscow, 1985, 46 p.
9. Chikov A.E., Medvedev D.S. Mekhanizmy energoobespecheniya myshechnoy deyatelnosti pri vypolnenii standartizirovannykh nagruzok sportsmenov [Muscle energy supply mechanisms in athletes when performing standardized loads]. Sportivnaya meditsina: nauka i praktika, 2017, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 19-24.
10. Fernandezdel Olmo M., Rodriguez F.A., Marquez G., Iglesias X., Marina M., Benitez A., Vallejo L., Acero R. M. Isometric knee extensor fatigue following a Wingate test: peripheral and central mechanisms. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013. 23(1). P. 57-65.